VOLUME 1
ORME-JOHNSON, D. W., and FARROW, J. T., eds. 1977. Scientific research on the Transcendental Meditation program: Collected papers, vol. 1. Rheinweiler, W. Germany: MERU Press.
PART I: PHYSIOLOGY
The Studies in the First Two Sections Document Changes during the Practice of the Transcendental Meditation Technique Unless Otherwise Stated.
A: Metabolic Changes
1. WALLACE, R. K. Physiological effects of Transcendental Meditation. Science 167: 1751–1754, 1970. Indications of Deep Rest along with Wakeful, Ordered State of Brain Functioning: Decreased Metabolic Rate (Decreased Oxygen Consumption and Unchanged Respiratory Quotient); Decreased Minute Ventilation; Decreased Heart Rate; Increased Basal Skin Resistance; Increased Regularity and Intensity of EEG Alpha Activity.
2. WALLACE, R. K. The physiological effects of Transcendental Meditation: A proposed fourth major state of consciousness. Doctoral thesis, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 1970. Indications of Deep Rest along with Wakeful, Ordered State of Brain Functioning: Decreased Metabolic Rate (Decreased Oxygen Consumption and Decreased Carbon Dioxide Elimination); Normal Arterial Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressures; Decreased Respiration Rate; Decreased Heart Rate; Increased Basal Skin Resistance; Increased Regularity and Intensity of EEG Alpha Activity in Frontal and Central Regions. Reduction in Biochemical Index of Stress: Decreased Arterial Lactate Levels. Self-Reported Improvements in Physical and Mental Health, and Resistance to Disease.
3. WALLACE, R. K., et al. A wakeful hypometabolic physiologic state. American Journal of Physiology 221: 795–799, 1971. Indications of Deep Rest along with Wakeful, Ordered State of Brain Functioning: Decreased Metabolic Rate (Decreased Oxygen Consumption and Decreased Carbon Dioxide Elimination); Normal Arterial Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressures; Decreased Respiration Rate; Decreased Minute Ventilation; Decreased Heart Rate; Increased Basal Skin Resistance; Increased Regularity and Intensity of EEG Alpha Activity in Frontal and Central Regions; Episodes of Rhythmical EEG Theta Activity in Frontal Region. Reduction in Biochemical Index of Stress: Decreased Arterial Lactate Levels.
4. WALLACE, R. K., et al. The physiology of meditation. Scientific American 226: 84–90, 1972. Indications of Deep Rest along with Wakeful, Ordered State of Brain Functioning: Decreased Metabolic Rate (Decreased Oxygen Consumption and Decreased Carbon Dioxide Elimination); Normal Arterial Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressures; Decreased Respiration Rate; Decreased Minute Ventilation; Decreased Heart Rate; Increased Skin Resistance; Increased Regularity and Intensity of EEG Alpha Activity in Frontal and Central Regions. Reduction in Biochemical Index of Stress: Decreased Arterial Lactate Levels.
5. ALLISON, J. Respiratory changes during Transcendental Meditation. Lancet (7651): 833, 1970. Indication of Deep Rest: Decreased Respiration Rate.
6. COREY, P. W. Airway conductance and oxygen consumption changes associated with practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique. University of Colorado Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A., 1973. Increased Ease of Breathing: Increased Airway Conductance. Indications of Deep Rest: Decreased Metabolic Rate (Decreased Oxygen Consumption and Decreased Carbon Dioxide Elimination); Decreased Heart Rate. Maintenance of a Relaxed Style of Physiological Functioning Outside of Meditation: Lower Basal Metabolic Rate After Meditation.
7. FARROW, J. T. Physiological changes associated with transcendental consciousness, the state of least excitation of consciousness. Psychophysiology Laboratory, Centre for the Study of Higher States of Consciousness, Maharishi European Research University, Switzerland, 1975. Experience of Transcendental Consciousness Associated with: High EEG Coherence in the Theta, Alpha, and Beta Bands; Episodes of Spontaneous Breath Suspension (Not Followed by Hyperventilation); Marked Reductions in Respiration Rate, Minute Ventilation, Metabolic Rate (Oxygen Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Elimination), and Heart Rate; Increased Basal Skin Resistance; Cessation of Spontaneous Skin Resistance Response.
8. HEBERT, J. R. Periodic suspension of respiration during the Transcendental Meditation technique. Psychophysiology Laboratory, Centre for the Study of Higher States of Consciousness, Maharishi European Research University, Switzerland, 1976. Maximum State of Deep Rest: Episodes of Spontaneous Breath Suspension (Not Followed by Hyperventilation).
9. DHANARAJ, V. H., and SINGH, M. Reduction in metabolic rate during the practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique. Doctoral thesis of first author (summary), Department of Physical Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Paper presented at the first Canadian Congress for Multidisciplinary Study of Sport and Physical Activity, Quebec, Canada, October 1973. Indications of Deep Rest: Decreased Metabolic Rate (Decreased Oxygen Consumption and Unchanged Respiratory Quotient); Decreased Tidal Volume; Decreased Respiration Rate.
10. BAKKER, R. Decreased respiratory rate during the Transcendental Meditation technique: A replication. Department of Biology, California State College at Sonoma, Sonoma, California, U.S.A., 1974. Indication of Deep Rest: Decreased Respiration Rate.
11. LEVANDER, V. L., et al. Increased forearm blood flow during a wakeful hypometabolic state. Federation Proceedings 31: 405 (Abstract), 1972. Small Increase in Forearm Blood Flow.
12. JEVNING, R.; WILSON, A.; VANDERLAAN, E.; and LEVINE, S. Plasma prolactin and cortisol during Transcendental Meditation. Findings previously published in The Endocrine Society Program 57th Annual Meeting, New York City, 18–20 June 1975, p. 257 (Abstract). Reduction in Biochemical Index of Stress: Decreased Plasma Cortisol Levels. Small Increase in Plasma Prolactin Immediately following Transcendental Meditation.
13. JEVNING, R.; WILSON, A. F.; and SMITH, W. R. Plasma amino acids during the Transcendental Meditation technique: Comparison to sleep. Findings previously
published in Sleep research, vol. 4, ed. M. H. Chase, W. C. Stern, and P. L. Walter, pp. 79–80 (Abstract). Los Angeles: Brain Information Service, Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 1975. Increased Plasma Phenylalanine Levels.
B: Electrophysiological and Electroencephalographic Changes
14. BANQUET, J. P. EEG and meditation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 33: 454 (Abstract), 1972. EEG Indications of Restful Alertness: Coexistence of Theta and Delta with Alpha and Beta EEG Activity. Increased Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning: Hypersynchrony and Rhythmicity; Synchronization of Anterior and Posterior Channels; Periods of Uniformity of Frequency and Amplitude from All Leads.
15. BANQUET, J. P. Spectral analysis of the EEG in meditation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 35: 143–151, 1973. Increased Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning: High Amplitude EEG Alpha Activity Extending to Anterior Channels; Bursts of High Amplitude Theta Activity in All Channels; Rhythmic High Amplitude Beta Activity in All Channels; Synchronization of Anterior and Posterior Channels. Electromyographic Evidence of Deep Muscular Relaxation.
16. WESTCOTT, M. Hemispheric symmetry of the EEG during the Transcendental Meditation technique. Department of Psychology, University of Durham, Durham, England, 1973. Increased Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning: High Levels of Interhemispheric EEG Alpha Correlation; Greater Power Balance between Right and Left Hemispheres.
17. BANQUET, J. P., and SAILHAN, M. EEG analysis of spontaneous and induced states of consciousness. Revue d’électroencéphalographie et de neurophysiologie clinique 4: 445–453, 1974. EEG Indications of Restful Alertness: Less Activation (Decreased Proportion of Beta to Alpha); Greater Wakefulness (Increased Proportion of Alpha to Delta). Increased Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning: Greater Interhemispheric and Intrahemispheric EEG Synchrony.
18. KRAS, D. J. The Transcendental Meditation technique and EEG alpha activity. Department of Psychology, Stirling University, Stirling, Scotland, 1974. EEG Indications of Restful Alertness: Increased Alpha Activity in All Areas of the Brain. Maintenance of a More Relaxed Style of Physiological Functioning Outside of Meditation: Persistence of Greater Alpha Activity following Meditation.
19. BANQUET, J. P., and SAILHAN, M. Quantified EEG spectral analysis of sleep and
Transcendental Meditation. Stanley Cobb Laboratories for Psychiatric Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., and Institut La Rochefoucauld, Paris, France. Paper presented at the Second European Congress on Sleep Research, Rome, Italy, 10 April 1974. EEG Indications of Inner Wakefulness during Sleep.
20. LEVINE, P. H.; HEBERT, J. R.; HAYNES, C. T.; and STROBEL, U. EEG coherence during the Transcendental Meditation technique. Psychophysiology Laboratory, Centre for the Study of Higher States of Consciousness, Maharishi European Research University, Switzerland, 1976. Increased Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning: Increased EEG Coherence Especially in Alpha and Theta Bands.
21. HAYNES, C. T.; HEBERT, J. R.; REBER, W.; and ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. The psychophysiology of advanced participants in the Transcendental Meditation program: Correlations of EEG coherence, creativity, H-reflex recovery, and experience of transcendental consciousness. Psychophysiology Laboratory, Centre for the Study of Higher States of Consciousness, Maharishi European Research University, Switzerland, 1976. Correlations between High EEG Coherence, High Levels of Creativity, Enhanced Neurological Efficiency (Faster H-Reflex Recovery), and Clarity of Experiences of Transcendental Consciousness.
22. JANBY, J. Immediate effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique: Increased skin resistance during first meditation after instruction. Institute of Psychology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, 1973. Indication of Deep Relaxation: Marked Increase in Basal Skin Resistance.
23. LAURIE, G. An investigation into the changes in skin resistance during the Transcendental Meditation technique. Department of Psychology, Portsmouth Polytechnic, Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, 1973. Indication of Deep Relaxation: Marked Increase in Basal Skin Resistance.
24. WEST, M. A. Changes in skin resistance in subjects resting, reading, listening to music, or practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique. University College of Swansea, University of Wales, Swansea, Wales, 1973. Indication of Deep Relaxation: Marked Increase in Basal Skin Resistance.
C: Physiological Efficiency and Stability
25. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. Autonomic stability and Transcendental Meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine 35: 341–349, 1973. Improved Resistance to Stress and Greater Autonomic Stability: Faster Habituation of Skin Resistance Response to Stressful Stimuli; Fewer Multiple Responses; Fewer Spontaneous Skin Resistance Responses.
26. WILCOX, G. G. Autonomic functioning in subjects practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique. School of Applied Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 1973. Improved Resistance to Stress and Greater Autonomic Stability: Faster Habituation of Skin Resistance Response to Stressful Stimuli; Fewer Spontaneous Skin Resistance Responses.
27. BERKER, E. Stability of skin resistance responses one week after instruction in the Transcendental Meditation technique. Department of Biology, Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida, U.S.A., 1974. Improved Resistance to Stress and Greater Autonomic Stability: Faster Habituation of Skin Resistance Response to Stressful Stimuli; Fewer Spontaneous Skin Resistance Responses.
28. SMITH, T. R. The Transcendental Meditation technique and skin resistance response to loud tones. Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, U.S.A., 1974. Improved Resistance to Stress and Greater Autonomic Stability: Faster Habituation of Skin Resistance Response to Stressful Stimuli.
29. WILLIAMS, P., and WEST, M. EEG responses to photic stimulation in persons experienced at meditation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 39: 519–522, 1975. EEG Indications of Greater Alertness (in Response to Photic Stimulation).
30. ROUTT, T. J. Low normal heart and respiration rates in individuals practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique. Department of Psychology, Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington State College, Bellingham, Washington, U.S.A., 1973. Increased Basal Skin Resistance during Transcendental Meditation. Maintenance of a Relaxed Style of Physiological Functioning outside the Practice of Transcendental Meditation: Lower Heart Rate; Lower Respiration Rate.
31. MCDONAGH, J. M., and EGENES, T. The Transcendental Meditation technique and temperature homeostasis. Department of Psychology, St. Mary’s College, Notre Dame, Indiana, U.S.A., 1973. Enhanced Temperature Homeostasis: Faster Recovery of Normal Skin Temperature following Exertion.
D: Health
32. WALLACE, R. K., et al. Decreased blood pressure in hypertensive subjects who practiced meditation. Supplement 11 to Circulation 45 and 46: 516 (Abstract), 1972. Improvements in Hypertensive Subjects: Decreased Blood Pressure.
33. BLACKWELL, B.; HANENSON, I. B.; BLOOMFIELD, S. S.; MAGENHEIM, H. G.; NIDICH, S. I.; and GARTSIDE, P. Effects of Transcendental Meditation on blood pressure: A controlled pilot experiment. Psychosomatic Medicine 37(1): 86 (Abstract), 1976. Improvements in Hypertensive Subjects: Decreased Blood Pressure; Decreased Anxiety.
34. SIMON, D. B.; OPARIL, S.; and KIMBALL, C. P. The Transcendental Meditation program and essential hypertension. Hypertension Clinic and Department of Psychiatry, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A., 1974. Improvements in Hypertensive Subjects: Decreased Blood Pressure. Improvements in Patients with Angina Pectoris: Improved Exercise Tolerance; Increased Maximum Workload; Delayed Appearance of Electrocardiographic Abnormalities during Exercise (Delayed Onset of ST Segment Depression); Decreased Double Product; Clinical Observations of Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Need for Tranquillizers and Anti-Anginal Drugs; Improved Sleeping Patterns; Improved Personal Relationships.
35. ZAMARRA, J.W. ; BESSEGHINI, I.: and WITTENBERG, S. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on the exercise performance of patients with angina pectoris. Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, U.S.A., and Buffalo Veterans Administration Hospital, Buffalo, New York, U.S.A., 1975. Improvements in Patients with Angina Pectoris; Improved Exercise Tolerance; Increased Maximum Workload; Delayed Appearance of Electrocardiographic Abnormalities during Exercise (Delayed Onset of ST Segment Depression); Decreased Double Product; Clinical Observations of Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Need for Tranquillizers and Anti-Anginal Drugs; Improved Sleeping Patterns; Improved Personal Relationships.
36. HONSBERGER, R. W., and WILSON, A. F. The effect of Transcendental Meditation upon bronchial asthma. Clinical Research 21: 278 (Abstract), 1973. Improvements in Patients with Bronchial Asthma: Decreased Severity of Symptoms Reported by Patients and Physicians; Reduced Airway Resistance.
37. HONSBERGER, R. W., and WILSON, A. F. Transcendental Meditation in treating asthma. Respiratory Therapy: The Journal of Inhalation Technology 3: 79–80, 1973. Improvements in Patients with Bronchial Asthma: Decreased Severity of Symptoms; Reduced Airway Resistance.
38. WILSON, A. F.; HONSBERGER, R. W.; CHIU, J. T.; and NOVEY, H. S. Transcendental Meditation and asthma. Respiration 32: 74–80, 1975. Improvements in Patients with Bronchial Asthma: Decreased Severity of Symptoms Reported by Patients and Physicians; Reduced Airway Resistance.
39. KLEMONS, I. M. Changes in inflammation in persons practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique. Department of Health Education, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., 1972. Improved Periodontal Health: Decreased Gingival Inflamation.
40. MISKIMAN, D. E. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation program on compensatory paradoxical sleep. Graduate Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 1972. Faster Recovery from Sleep Deprivation.
41. MISKIMAN, D. E. The treatment of insomnia by the Transcendental Meditation program. Graduate Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 1972. Relief from Insomnia: Decreased Time Taken to Fall Asleep.
42. MISKIMAN, D. E. Long-term effects of the Transcendental Meditation program in the treatment of insomnia. Graduate Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 1975. Relief from Insomnia: Decreased Time Taken to Fall Asleep (Benefits Sustained over Time).
43. MCINTYRE, M. E.; SILVERMAN, F. H.; and TROTTER, W. D. Transcendental Meditation and stuttering: A preliminary report. Perceptual and Motor Skills 39: 294 (Abstract), 1974. Decreased Stuttering.
44. WELDON, J. T., and ARON, A. The Transcendental Meditation program and normalization of weight. Department of Psychology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1974. Normalization of Weight.
E. Motor and Perceptual Ability, and Athletic Performance
45. SHAW, R., and KOLB, D. Reaction time following the Transcendental Meditation technique. Graduate Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, U.S.A., 1971. Improved Mind-Body Co-ordination: Faster Reactions.
46. APPELLE, S., and OSWALD, L. E. Simple reaction time as a function of alertness and prior mental activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills 38: 1263–1268, 1974. Improved Mind-Body Co-ordination: Faster Reactions.
47. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; KOLB, D.; and HEBERT, J. R. An experimental analysis of the effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on reaction time. International Center for Scientific Research, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1973. Improved Mind-Body Co-ordination: Faster Reactions.
48. BLASDELL, K. S. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique upon a complex perceptual-motor task. Department of Kinesiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 1971. Improved Mind-Body Co-ordination: Superior Perceptual-Motor Performance.
49. RIMOL, A. G. P. The Transcendental Meditation technique and its effects on sensory-motor performance. Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A., 1974. Improved Mind-Body Co-ordination: Short- and Long-Term Improvements in Complex Sensory-Motor Performance.
50. PIROT, M. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique upon auditory discrimination. Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 1973. Increased Perceptual Acuity: Improved Auditory Temporal Discrimination.
51. PELLETIER, K. R. Influence of Transcendental Meditation upon autokinetic perception. Perceptual and Motor Skills 39: 1031–1034, 1974. Increased Field Independence (Growth of a Stable Internal Frame of Reference, Increased Perceptual Acuity).
52. PELLETIER, K. R. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on perceptual style: Increased field independence. Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Paper presented at the meeting of the Western Psychological Association, San Francisco, California, 25–28 April 1974. Increased Field Independence (Growth of a Stable Internal Frame of Reference, Increased Perceptual Acuity).
53. REDDY, M. K.; BAI, A. J. L.; and RAO, V. R. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on athletic performance. A.P. Sports Council, Lal Bahadar Stadium, and Nilouffer Hospital Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, 1974. Benefits for Athletes: Improved Physiological Functioning—Improved Cardiovascular Efficiency; Improved Respiratory Efficiency (Increased Vital Capacity); Reduction of Blood Pressure to More Ideal Levels; Increased Hemoglobin Concentration. Improved Athletic Performance and Neuromuscular Integration—Increased Running Speed; Improved Standing Broad Jump; Improved Agility; Faster Reactions and Improved Co-ordination. Increased Intelligence.
PART II: PSYCHOLOGY
A: Intelligence, Learning, and Academic Performance
54. TJOA, A. Some evidence that the Transcendental Meditation program increases
intelligence and reduces neuroticism as measured by psychological tests. G.I.T.P., Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1972. Benefits for High School Students: Decreased Neuroticism; Greater Intelligence Growth Rate: Increased Fluid Intelligence.
55. TJOA, A. Increased intelligence and reduced neuroticism through the Transcendental Meditation program. Findings previously published as ―Meditation, neuroticism and intelligence: A follow-up‖ in Gedrag: Tijdschrift voor Psychologie (Behavior: Journal of Psychology) 3: 167–182, 1975. Increased Fluid Intelligence; Decreased Neuroticism; Decreased Somatic Neurotic Instability.
56. ABRAMS, A. I. Paired-associate learning and recall: A pilot study of the Transcendental Meditation program. Graduate Department of Education, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, U.S.A., 1972. Benefits for University Students: Quicker Acquisition of Information (Better Learning Ability); Superior Recall.
57. MISKIMAN, D. E. Performance on a learning task by subjects who practice the Transcendental Meditation technique. Graduate Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 1972. Benefits for University Students: Superior Learning Ability.
58. MISKIMAN, D. E. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation program on the organization of thinking and recall (secondary organization). Graduate Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 1973. Benefits for University Students: Improved Spontaneous Organization of Memory; Improved Stabilization of Organized Memory; Improved ProblemSolving Ability.
59. COLLIER, R. W. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation program upon university academic attainment. Department of English as a Second Language, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 1973. Benefits for University Students: Improved Academic Performance.
60. HEATON, D. P., and ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. The Transcendental Meditation program and academic achievement. International Center for Scientific Research, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1974. Benefits for University Students: Improved Academic Performance.
61. CORY, R., and HUFNAGEL. P. The effect of the Science of Creative Intelligence course on high school students: A preliminary report. American Foundation for the Science of Creative Intelligence, Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.A., 1974. Benefits for High School Students: Improved Academic Performance; Reduced State and Trait Anxiety.
62. SHECTER, H. The Transcendental Meditation program in the classroom: A psychological evaluation. Doctoral thesis (summary), Graduate Department of Psychology, York University, North York, Ontario, Canada,.Dissertation Abstracs International 38 (07) (1977): 3372B. Benefits for High School Students: Improved Intellectual Performance (Increased Problem Solving Ability); Increased Creativity; Increased Energy Level; Increased Innovation, Autonomy, and Independence; Increased SelfEsteem; Increased Tolerance; Increased Ability to Deal with Abstract and Complex Situations; Decreased Anxiety.
63. MACCALLUM, M. J. The Transcendental Meditation program and creativity. Graduate Department of Psychology, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, California, U.S.A., 1974. Greater Creativity: Greater Fluency, Flexibility, and Originality of Creative Thought.
B: Development of Personality
64. SEEMAN, W.; NIDICH, S.; and BANTA, T. Influence of Transcendental Meditation on a measure of self-actualization. Journal of Counseling Psychology 19: 184– 187, 1972. Increased Self-Actualization: Increased Inner-Directedness (Independence, SelfSupportiveness)1; Increased Spontaneity; Enhanced Self-Regard.
65. FEHR, T.; NERSTHEIMER, U.; and TORBER, S. Study of personality changes resulting from the Transcendental Meditation program: Freiburger Personality Inventory. Department of Social Affairs, MlU/Forschungsring Schopferische Intelligenz, Dormagen, W. Germany, 1972. Less Nervousness (Less Psychosomatic Disturbance); Less Aggressiveness (Greater Self-Control, Greater Emotional Maturity); Less Depression (Greater Contentment, Greater Self-Confidence); Less Irritability (Greater Calm in Frustrating Situations, Greater Tolerance); Greater Sociability (Greater Friendliness, Greater Liveliness); Greater Placidity (Greater Self-Assuredness, More Good Humor, Less Tendency to Procrastinate); Less Tendency to Dominate (Greater Respectfulness); Less Inhibition (Greater Naturalness, Greater Spontaneity, Greater Self-Sufficiency); Less Neuroticism (Greater Emotional Stability, Less Tension); Greater Self-Reliance (Greater Effectiveness, More Balanced Mood, Greater Vigor).
66. STEK, R. J., and BASS, B. A. Personal adjustment and perceived locus of control among students interested in meditation. Psychological Reports 32: 1019–1022,
1The terms in parentheses are taken from the manual of the psychological test employed in order to clarify the characteristics measured by the test.
1973. Interest in Learning Transcendental Meditation Found to Be Uncorrelated with Personality Factors.
67. BERG, W. P. VAN DEN, and MULDER, B. Psychological research on the effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on a number of personality variables. Findings previously published in Gedrag: Tijdschrift voor Psychologie (Behavior: Journal of Psychology) 4: 206 – 218, 1976 . See also DIJK, H. VAN, and BERG, W. P. VAN DEN. Begripsvaliditeit van de NPV-Zelfwaarde-Ringsschaal. Heymans Bulletins, Psychologische lnstituten R.U., Groningen, the Netherlands, NR: HB74–147 Ex. Less Neuroticism; Greater Self-Esteem; Better Self-Image; Greater Ego Strength; Greater Trust; Greater Satisfaction; Greater Self-Actualization; Less Sensitivity to Criticism; Less Depression; Decreased Sense of Physical Inadequacy.
68. NIDICH, S.; SEEMAN, W.; and SEIBERT, M. Influence of the Transcendental Meditation program on state anxiety. Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A., 1973. Decreased Anxiety.
69. HJELLE, L. A. Transcendental Meditation and psychological health. Perceptual and Motor Skills 39: 623–628, 1974. Increased Self-Actualization: Increases in— Time Competence (Ability to Live More Fully in the Present, Ability to Connect Past and Present Meaningfully); Inner-Directedness (Independence, Self-Supportiveness); Self-Actualizing Value (Holding of Values of Self-Actualizing People); Feeling Reactivity (Sensitivity to One’s Own Needs and Feelings); Spontaneity; Self-Regard; Capacity for Intimate Contact (Capacity for Warm Interpersonal Relationships). Greater Inner Locus of Control; Less Anxiety.
70. NIDICH, S.; SEEMAN, W.; and DRESKIN, T. Influence of Transcendental Meditation on Self-Actualization: A replication. Journal of Counseling Psychology 20: 565– 566, 1973. Increased Self-Actualization: Increases in— Time Competence (Ability to Live More Fully in the Present, Ability to Connect Past, Present, and Future Meaningfully); Inner-Directedness (Independence, Self-Supportiveness); SelfActualizing Value (Holding of Values of Self-Actualizing People); Feeling Reactivity (Sensitivity to One’s Own Needs and Feelings); Spontaneity; SelfAcceptance; Capacity for Intimate Contact (Capacity for Warm Interpersonal Relationships).
71. PENNER, W. J.; ZINGLE, H. W.; DYCK, R.; and TRUCH, S. Does an in-depth Transcendental Meditation course effect change in the personalities of the participants? Western Psychologist 4: 104–111, 1974. Greater Interest in Academic Activities; Greater Intellectual Orientation; Greater Aestheticism; Greater Respect for Traditional Religious Values; Greater
Adaptability of Mental Orientation; Greater Autonomy; Greater Social Extraversion; Less Impulsiveness; Greater Personal Integration (Decreased Social Alienation and Emotional Disturbance); Lower Anxiety Level; Greater Altruism.
72. DAVIES, J. The Transcendental Meditation program and progressive relaxation: Comparative effects on trait anxiety and self-actualization. Department of Psychology, University of New England at Armidale, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia, 1974. Increased Self-Actualization: Increased Inner-Directedness/Time Competence. Increased Feeling Reactivity (Increased Sensitivity to One’s Own Needs and Feelings). Reduced Trait Anxiety.
73. SCHILLING, P. B. The effect of the regular practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique on behavior and personality. Department of Clinical Psychology, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky, U.S.A., 1974. Decreased Aggression (Increases in: Tactfulness, Calmness, Easygoingness, Forgiveness, and Consideration; Decreases in: Argumentativeness, Irritability, and Threatening Behavior); Improved Leadership Ability; Growth of a More Brave, Adventurous, Action-Oriented Nature; Increased Affiliation (Increases in: Enjoyment of Friends, Maintenance of Associations with Others, Warmth, Neighborliness, and Co-operativeness); Increased Nurturance (Increases in: Need to Give Sympathy and Assistance to Others, Protectiveness, and Consideration for Others); Decreased Use of Drugs; Decreased Use of Alcohol.
74. SHAPIRO, J. The relationship of the Transcendental Meditation program to selfactualization and negative personality characteristics. Doctoral thesis (summary), Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 1974. Increased Self-Actualization; Decreased Depression; Decreased Neuroticism; Decreased Aggression; Decreased Anxiety.
75. STERN, M. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on trait anxiety. Department of Education, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A., 1974. Decreased General Anxiety.
76. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W., and DUCK, B. Psychological testing of MIU students: First report. Department of Psychology, Maharishi European Research University, Switzerland, and International Center for Scientific Research, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1974. Greater Self-Actualization in Students at Maharishi International University than in Other College Students: Greater—Time Competence (Ability to Live More Fully in the Present, Ability to Connect Past and Present Meaningfully); Inner-Directedness (Independence, Self-Supportiveness); Self-Actualizing Value (Holding of Values of Self-Actualizing People); Spontaneity; SelfRegard; Nature of Man, Constructive (Ability to See Man as Essentially Good); Synergy (Ability to See Opposites of Life as Meaningfully Related); Capacity
for Intimate Contact (Capacity for Warm Interpersonal Relationships).
77. FEHR, T. A longitudinal study of the effect of the Transcendental Meditation program on changes in personality. Department of Social Affairs, MlU/Forschungsring Schöperische lntelligenz, Dormagen, W. Germany, 1974. Decreased Nervousness (Decreased Psychosomatic Disturbance); Decreased Aggressiveness (Increased Self-Control, Increased Emotional Maturity); Decreased Depression (Increased Contentment, Increased Self-Confidence); Decreased Irritability (Increased Calm in Frustrating Situations, Increased Tolerance); Increased Sociability (Increased Friendliness, Increased Liveliness); Increased Placidity (Increased Self-Assuredness, Increased Good Humor, Decreased Tendency to Procrastinate); Decreased Tendency to Dominate (Increased Flexibility, Respectfulness, and Tolerance); Decreased Inhibition (Increases in: Naturalness, Spontaneity, Self-Sufficiency); Increased Extraversion (Increased Capacity for Warm Interpersonal Relationships); Decreased Neuroticism (Increased Emotional Stability, Decreased Tension); Increased Self-Reliance (Increased Effectiveness, More Balanced Mood, Increased Vigor).
78. FERGUSON, P. C., and GOWAN, J. C. Psychological findings on Transcendental Meditation. Also published as ―TM—some preliminary psychological findings‖ in Journal of Humanistic Psychology 16(3): 51–60, 1976. Increased Self-Actualization; Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Depression; Decreased Neuroticism.
PART III: SOCIOLOGY
A: Rehabilitation
79. WINQUIST, W. T. The Transcendental Meditation program and drug abuse: A retrospective study. Department of Sociology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 1969. Decreased Drug Abuse.
80. WALLACE, R. K., et al. Decreased drug abuse with Transcendental Meditation: A study of 1,862 subjects. In Drug Abuse: Proceedings of the International Conference, ed. Chris J. D. Zarafonetis, pp. 369–376. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1972. Decreased Drug Abuse; Decreased Use of Alcohol; Decreased Use of Cigarettes; Decreased Drug Selling; Increased Tendency to Discourage the Use of Drugs by Others.
81. BRAUTIGAM, E. Effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on drug abusers: A prospective study. Department of Psychology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden, 1972. Increased Psychological Stability; Increased Adjustment (Increased Self
Acceptance, Satisfaction, and Ability to Handle One’s Situation); Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Tension; Decreased Psycho-Motor Retardation; Decreased Drug Abuse.
82. SHAFII, M.; LAVELY, R. A.; and JAFFE, R. D. Meditation and marijuana. American Journal of Psychiatry 131: 60–63, 1974. Decreased Drug Abuse.
83. SHAFII, M.; LAVELY, R. A.; and JAFFE, R. Meditation and the prevention of alcohol abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry 132: 942–945, 1975. Decreased Use of Alcohol.
84. LAZAR, Z.; FARWELL, L.; and FARROW, J. T. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on anxiety, drug abuse, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption. Graduate School of Education, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.; Department of Social Relations, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.; and Graduate Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1972. Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Use of Cigarettes; Decreased Use of Alcohol; Decreased Drug Abuse.
85. KATZ, D. Decreased drug use and prevention of drug use through the Transcendental Meditation program. International Center for Scientific Research, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1974. Decreased Use of Alcohol; Decreased Drug Abuse.
86. SCHENKLUHN, H., and GEISLER, M. A longitudinal study of the influence of the Transcendental Meditation program on drug abuse. Drug Rehabilitation Center of Arbeiterwohlfahrt Kreisverband, Mülheim/Ruhr, W. Germany, 1974. Decreased Drug Abuse.
87. ORME-JOHNSON, D.; KIEHLBAUCH, J.; MOORE, R.; and BRISTOL, J. Personality and autonomic changes in prisoners practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique. University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A., 1971. Rehabilitation of Prisoners: Increased Physiological Stability and Psychological Adaptability—Fewer Spontaneous Skin Resistance Responses; Decreased Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior (Increased Behavioral Flexibility); Decreased Social Introversion (Increased Social Ease and Outgoingness).
88. CUNNINGHAM, M., and KOCH, W. The Transcendental Meditation program and rehabilitation: A pilot project at the Federal Correctional Institution at Lompoc, California. International Meditation Society, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 1973. Rehabilitation of Prisoners: Decreased Anxiety; Other Improvements in Mental Health.
89. BALLOU, D. The Transcendental Meditation program at Stillwater Prison. Graduate
Department of Social Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A., 1973. Rehabilitation of Prisoners: Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Prison Disciplinary Rule Infractions; Fewer Parole Violations; Increased Participation in Recreational and Educational Activities; Decreased Drug Abuse.
90. CHILDS, J. P. The use of the Transcendental Meditation program as a therapy with juvenile offenders. Doctoral dissertation (abbr.), Department of Educational Psychology and Guidance, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.A., 1973.Dissertation Abstracts International 34/08-A, 1973, Order Number AAD74-03806. Rehabilitation of Juvenile Offenders: Decreased Anxiety; Positive Change as Reported by Both Subjects and Parents; Decreased Drug Abuse; Decreased Court Problems; Increased Happiness; Improved Interpersonal Relationships; Increased Self-Actualization; Enhanced Self-Regard.
91. NIDICH, S. I. A study of the relationship of the Transcendental Meditation program to Kohlberg‘s stages of moral reasoning. Doctoral thesis (abbr.), Department of Learning and Development, College of Education, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A., 1975. Dissertation Abstracts International 36: 4361a– 4362a, 1975. Greater Moral Maturity.
92. ROSS, J. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on anxiety, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Master’s thesis, Graduate Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1972. Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Neuroticism; Decreased Psychoticism.
93. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; ARTHUR, G. K.; FRANKLIN, L.; and O’CONNELL, J. The Transcendental Meditation technique and drug abuse counselors. Department of Research and Evaluation, Drug and Alcohol Abuse Control and Prevention Program, Fort Bliss, Texas, U.S.A., 1972. Improvements in Mental Health: Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Hypochondria; Decreased Internal Conflicts and Confusion; Increased Clarity of Mind, Relaxation, Energy Level, and Sensitivity to Others.
94. DICK, L. D., and RAGLAND, R. E. A study of the Transcendental Meditation program in the service of counseling. Departments of Psychology and Education, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.A., 1973. Increased Self-Actualization: Increased Time Competence (Ability to Live More Fully in the Present, Ability to Connect Past, Present, and Future Meaningfully); Increased Inner-Directedness (Independence, Self-Supportiveness); Increased Existentiality (Flexibility in Application of Self-Actualizing Values); Enhanced Self-Regard; Increased Self-Acceptance.
95. BLOOMFIELD, H. H. Some observations on the uses of the Transcendental Meditation program in psychiatry. Institute of Psychophysiological Medicine, San
Diego, California, U.S.A., 1975. Case Histories Illustrating Benefits in the Treatment of Psychiatric Patients with a Variety of Disorders, Including Anxiety Neurosis, Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis, Depression, Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Psychosomatic Disorders, and Chronic Insomnia.
B: Productivity and Quality of Life
96. FREW, D. R. Transcendental Meditation and productivity. Academy of Management Journal 17: 362–368, 1974. Increased Productivity: Improved Work Performance; Increased Work Satisfaction; Improved Relations with Co-Workers; Improved Relations with Supervisors; Decreased Turnover Propensity; Decreased Self-Report Climb Orientation/Increased Climb Orientation as Reported by Co-Workers and Supervisors.
97. FRIEND, K. E. Effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on work attitudes and behavior. Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A., 1975. Improved Work Performance; Increased Work Satisfaction; Improved Relations with Co-Workers; Improved Relations with Supervisors.
98. BORLAND, C., and LANDRITH III, G. Improved quality of city life through the Transcendental Meditation program: Decreased crime rate. Department of Educational Psychology, Maharishi European Research University, Switzerland, and Department of Psychology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1976. Improved Quality of City Life: Decreased Crime Rate (U.S.A., 1973).
PART IV: THEORETICAL PAPERS
99. DOMASH, L. H. The Transcendental Meditation technique and quantum physics: Is pure consciousness a macroscopic quantum state in the brain? Department of Physics, Maharishi European Research University, Switzerland, 1975. The Transcendental Meditation Technique and Quantum Physics.
100. ORME-JOHNSON, D. The dawn of the Age of Enlightenment: Experimental evidence that the Transcendental Meditation technique produces a fourth and fifth state of consciousness in the individual and a profound influence of orderliness in society. Department of Psychology, Maharishi European Research University, Switzerland, 1976. The Dawn of the Age of Enlightenment: Experimental Evidence for Growth of Higher States of Consciousness and a Profound Influence of Orderliness in Society.
101. WALLACE, R. K. Neurophysiology of enlightenment. Paper presented at the 26th International Congress of Physiological Sciences, New Delhi, India, October
1974. Livingston Manor, New York: MIU Press, 1974. Neurophysiology of Enlightenment.
PART V: THE TM-SIDHI PROGRAM2
102. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; CLEMENTS, G.; HAYNES, C. T.; and BADAWI, K. Higher states of consciousness: EEG coherence, creativity, and experiences of the sidhis. Centre for the Study of Higher States of Consciousness, Maharishi European Research University, Switzerland, 1977. Global EEG Coherence during Experience of the TM-Sidhis; Correlations between High EEG Coherence, Higher States of Consciousness, Experience of the TM-Sidhis, and Creativity.
103. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W., and GRANIERI, B. The effects of the Age of Enlightenment Governor Training Courses on field independence, creativity, intelligence, and behavioral flexibility. Centre for the Study of Higher States of Consciousness, Maharishi European Research University, Switzerland, 1977. Increased Field Independence (Growth of a More Stable Internal Frame of Reference, Increased Perceptual Acuity); Increased Creativity—Increased Figural Fluency and Originality; Increased Intelligence; Increased Behavioral Flexibility Increased Psychomotor Speed and Motor-Cognitive Flexibility (Findings Indicate a Reversal of the Aging Process).
104. CLEMENTS, G., and MILSTEIN, S. L. Auditory thresholds in advanced participants in the Transcendental Meditation program. Department of Experimental Psychology, Maharishi European Research University, Switzerland, and Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Universite du Québec, Montreal-Gamelin, Québec, Canada, 1977. Greatly Improved Auditory Thresholds.
VOLUME 2
CHALMERS, R. A.; CLEMENTS, G.; SCHENKLUHN, H.; and WEINLESS, M., eds. 1989. Scientific research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program: Collected papers, vol. 2. Vlodrop, the Netherlands: MVU Press.
PART I: PHYSIOLOGY
The Studies in the First Two Sections Document Changes during the Practice of the Transcendental Meditation Technique Unless Otherwise Stated.
A: Metabolic, Biochemical, and Cardiovascular Changes
2In Volumes 2, 3, and 4, studies on the TM-Sidhi program appear according to their results under the appropriate headings of Parts I, II, and III of each volume.
105. JEVNING, R.; SMITH, R.; WILSON A. F.; and MORTON, M. E. Alterations in blood flow during Transcendental Meditation. Psychophysiology 13: 168 (SPR Abstract # 20), 1976. Changes in Regional Blood Flow Indicative of Increased Blood Flow to the Brain.
106. JEVNING, R.; WILSON, A. F.; SMITH, W. R.; and MORTON, M. Redistribution of blood flow in Transcendental Meditation. Department of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Orange, California, U.S.A. Paper presented at the American Psychological Society, San Francisco, California, U.S.A., October 1975. Changes in Regional Blood Flow Indicative of Increased Blood Flow to the Brain.
107. MCCUAIG, L. W. Salivary electrolytes, protein, and pH during Transcendental Meditation. Experientia 30(9): 988–989, 1974. Increased Concentration of Salivary Electrolytes and Protein.
108. STEHLE, R. Ventilation, heart rate, and respiratory partial pressures of athletes practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique. Diplomarbeit (abbr.), Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Cologne, W. Germany, 1975. Indications of Deep Rest in Athletes: Decreased Metabolic Rate (Decreased Oxygen Consumption and Decreased Carbon Dioxide Elimination); Decreased Respiration Rate; Decreased Heart Rate; Decreased Minute Ventilation.
109. BEVAN, A. J. W.; YOUNG, P. M.; WELLBY, M. L.; NENADOVIC, P.; and DICKINS, J. A. Endocrine changes in relaxation procedures. Proceedings of the Endocrine Society of Australia 19: 59 (Abstract), 1976. Reduction in Biochemical Index of Stress: Decreased Plasma Cortisol Levels. Biochemical Indication of Reduced Stress during Activity: Decreased Urinary Free Cortisol Levels.
110. BUJATTI, M., and RIEDERER, P. Serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine metabolites in Transcendental Meditation technique. Journal of Neural Transmission 39: 257– 267,1976. Changes in Neurotransmitter Balance: Increased Levels of Serotonin Metabolite (Increased 5-HIAA Levels); Decreased Levels of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline Metabolite (Decreased VMA Levels) and Higher Levels of 5-HIAA outside the Practice of Transcendental Meditation.
111. JEVNING, R., and WILSON, A. F. Acute decline in adrenocortical activity during Transcendental Meditation. Department of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Orange, California, U.S.A., 1977. Reduction in Biochemical Index of Stress: Decreased Plasma Cortisol Levels.
112. JEVNING, R., and WILSON, A. F. Altered red cell metabolism in TM. Psychophysiology 14: 94 (Abstract), 1977.
Fundamental Change in Cellular Metabolism: Reduced Glucose Metabolism in Red Blood Cells.
113. JEVNING, R.; PIRKLE, H. C.; and WILSON, A. F. Behavioral alteration of plasma phenylalanine concentration. Physiology & Behavior 19: 611–614, 1977. Increased Plasma Phenylalanine Levels.
B: Electrophysiological and Electroencephalographic Changes
114. KOBAL, G.; WANDHÖFER, R. A.; and PLATTIG, K.-H. EEG power spectra and auditory evoked potentials in Transcendental Meditation (TM). Pflügers Archiv, Supplement 359: 191, R 96, 1975. Improved Efficiency of Information Transfer in the Brain: Shorter Latencies of Auditory Evoked Potentials (Both during and outside the Practice of Transcendental Meditation). Increased EEG Alpha Power.
115. KRAHNE, W., and TANELI, B. EEG and Transcendental Meditation. Pflügers Archiv, Supplement 359: 190, R 95, 1975. EEG Indications of Increased Orderliness of Brain Functioning: High Amplitude Alpha and Theta Activity in All Cortical Regions.
116. WANDHÖFER, A.; KOBAL, G.; and PLATTIG, K.-H. Shortening of latencies of human auditory evoked brain potentials during the Transcendental Meditation technique. Zeitschrift für Elektroenzephalographie und Elektromyographie EEGEMG 7: 99–103, 1976. (Transl.) Improved Efficiency of Information Transfer in the Brain: Shorter Latencies of Auditory Evoked Potentials (Both during and outside the Practice of Transcendental Meditation).
117. DASH, P., and ALEXANDER, C. N. Electrophysiological characteristics during the Transcendental Meditation program and napping: A pilot study. Divisions of Natural and Social Sciences, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, U.S.A., 1976. EEG Differentiation between Transcendental Meditation and Napping.
118. BANQUET, J. P.; HAYNES, C.; HEBERT, R.; and REBER, B. Analysis of sleep in altered states of consciousness by classical EEG and coherence spectra. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 43(4): 503, E 203 (Abstract), 1977. EEG Indications of Lessened Sleep Requirement.
119. BANQUET, J. P.; HAYNES, C.; HEBERT, R.; and REBER, B. Sleep and dream in altered states of consciousness. LENA, La Salpêtriètre, Paris, France, and EEG Laboratory, Maharishi European Research University, Seelisberg, Switzerland, 1976. EEG Indications of Lessened Sleep Requirement.
120. BENNETT, J. E., and TRINDER, J. Hemispheric laterality and cognitive style associated with Transcendental Meditation. Psychophysiology 14: 293–296, 1977. Greater Adaptability of Brain Functioning outside the Practice of Transcendental Meditation: Greater Lateral EEG Asymmetry during Right and Left Hemisphere Tasks.
121. HEBERT, R., and LEHMANN, D. Theta bursts: An EEG pattern in normal subjects practising the Transcendental Meditation technique. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 42: 397–405, 1977. EEG Indications of Increased Inner Satisfaction: Synchronous Theta Bursts.
C: Physiological Efficiency and Stability
122. SULTAN, S. E. A study of the ability of individuals trained in Transcendental Meditation to achieve and maintain levels of physiological relaxation. Master’s thesis (abbr.), School of Human Behavior, United States International University, San Diego, California, U.S.A., 1975. Electromyographic Evidence of Deep Muscular Relaxation; Greater Ability to Maintain Relaxation during Activity.
123. DANIELS, D. Comparison of the Transcendental Meditation technique to various relaxation procedures. Department of Psychology, Washington Singer Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, England, 1976. Improved Resistance to Stress: Greater Autonomic Stability—Greater Stability of Skin Resistance in Response to Stressful Stimuli. Improved Auditory Discrimination and Greater Ability to Process Information at Speed (Superior Dichotic Listening).
D: Health
124. LOVELL-SMITH, H. D.; DICKIE, A.; and ROBINSON, J. Blood pressure and plasma cholesterol levels before and after learning Transcendental Meditation. University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand, 1975. Reduction of Blood Pressure to More Ideal Levels in Both Hypertensive and Normotensive Subjects.
125. DONER, D. W. JR. The Transcendental Meditation technique—a “self-care” program for the dialysis/transplant patient. Findings previously published in Journal of the American Association of Nephrology Nurses and Technicians 3(3): 119–125, 1976. Improved Mental and Physical Health in Patients on a Kidney Transplant/Dialysis Program: Decreased Blood Pressure; Decreased Anxiety; Increased Independence; Enhanced Self-Image; Improved Sense of Well-Being.
126. FUSON, J. W. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation program on sleeping and dreaming patterns. Unpublished doctoral dissertation (abbr.), Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A., 1976.
Improvements in Sleeping and Dreaming Patterns: Improved Quality of Sleep; Decreased Time to Fall Asleep; More Rested on Awakening; Decreased Awakenings per Night; Decreased Time to Awaken Fully; Decreased Drowsiness; Decreased Lethargy; Decreased Daytime Napping; Decreased Number of Dreams Remembered; Decrease in Complexity of Dreams; Decrease in Unpleasant Emotional Content of Dreams; Decrease in Recurring Dreams; Decreased Need for Sleep Medications. Decreased Use of Alcohol. Improved Reported State of Mental Health. Reduced Need for Medical Attention.
127. SUURKÜLA, J. The Transcendental Meditation technique and the prevention of psychiatric illness. Vasa Hospital University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1977. Epidemiological Evidence for Prevention of Psychiatric Illness.
E: Motor and Perceptual Ability, and Athletic Performance
128. GRAHAM, J. The effects of Transcendental Meditation on auditory thresholds. Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, England, 1971. Increased Perceptual Acuity: Improved Auditory Frequency and Amplitude Discrimination.
129. HARDESTY, M. J. The effect of Transcendental Meditation on reaction time. Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, U.S.A., 1972. Improved Mind-Body Co-ordination: Faster Reactions (Simple and Choice Visual Reaction Time).
130. REDDY, M. K. The role of the Transcendental Meditation program in the promotion of athletic excellence: Long- and short-term effects and their relation to activation theory. Master’s thesis, Centre for the Study of Higher States of Consciousness, Maharishi European Research University, Switzerland, 1976. Benefits for Athletes: A Unique State of Deep Rest during Transcendental Meditation—Decreased Metabolic Rate (Decreased Oxygen Consumption); Increased Basal Skin Resistance; Fewer Spontaneous Skin Resistance Responses. Improved Physiological Functioning outside the Practice of Transcendental Meditation—Improved Cardiovascular Efficiency; Improved Respiratory Efficiency (Increased Vital Capacity). Improved Athletic Performance and Neuromuscular Integration—Improved Running Speed; Improved Standing Broad Jump; Improved Agility; Faster Reactions.
131. MARTINETTI, R. F. Influence of Transcendental Meditation on perceptual illusion: A pilot study. Perceptual and Motor Skills 43: 822, 1976. Improved Perceptual Ability: Lower Incidence of Perceptual Illusions.
PART II: PSYCHOLOGY
A: Intelligence, Learning, and Academic Performance
132. NATARAJ, P., and RADHAMANI, M. G. The Transcendental Meditation program and its effects on psychological functions in secondary school students of a rural Indian high school. Department of Psychology, Maharani’s College, Mysore, India. Research presented at the International Conference on ‘Veda and Science’, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, 25–30 June 1975. Benefits for High School Students: Improved Concentration; Improved Reading Comprehension; Improved Memory.
133. OVERBECK, K.-D., and TÖNNIES, S. E. Einige Effekte der Transzendentalen Meditation bei lernbehinderten Sonderschülern. Diplomarbeit of first author (abbr.), Psychologisches Institut III, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, W. Germany, 1975. Benefits for School Children with Learning Problems: Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Examination Anxiety; Decreased School Dislike.
134. SCHER, D. The effects of Transcendental Meditation on free recall. Master’s thesis (abbr.), State University College, New Paltz, New York, U.S.A., 1975. Improved Memory and Organization of Memory—Effect More Pronounced in Long-Term Meditators.
135. HARRISON, S. D.; PAGANO, R.; and WARKENBURG, S. Meditation and right hemispheric functioning—spatial localization. In Proceedings of the Biofeedback Research Society, Seventh Annual Meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, U.S.A., 27 February-2 March 1976, p. 33 (Abstract). More Efficient Functioning of the Right Cerebral Hemisphere: Better Spatial Localization.
136. BERRETTINI, R. B. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on shortterm recall performance. Master’s thesis (abbr.), Department of Education, Wilkes College, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., 1976. Benefits for College Students: Improved Short-Term Memory, Ability to Focus Attention, and Spontaneous Organization of Memory.
137. HARDING, S. D. The Transcendental Meditation program in British secondary schools. Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, England, 1976. Decreased Neuroticism in Secondary School Students.
138. BROWN, M. Higher education for higher consciousness: A study of students at Maharishi International University. Doctoral dissertation (abbr.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, U.S.A., Dissertation Abstracts International 38, 649A–650A, 1976. Benefits for Students Resulting from Maharishi’s Integrated System of Education at Maharishi International University: Greater Interest in Academic Activities; Greater Commitment to Higher Education; Greater Intellectual and Scientific Orientation; Greater Aesthetic Orientation; Greater Respect for
Traditional Religious Values; Greater Optimism about the Future of Society; Greater Altruism (Greater Commitment to Helping Others and Improving Society); Greater Sense of Social Responsibility; Greater Tolerance of Authority; Greater Trust; Greater Sociability; Greater Psychological Stability; Greater Commitment to Personal Growth; Less Anxiety; Less Impulsiveness.
139. JACKSON, Y. Learning disorders and the Transcendental Meditation program: Retrospects and prospects. A preliminary study with economically deprived adolescents. Doctoral thesis (abbr.), University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1977.Dissertation Abstracts International 38 (6): 3351A, 1977. Increased Self-Actualization in Economically Deprived Adolescents with Learning Problems: Increased Inner-Directedness (Independence, SelfSupportiveness)3; Increased Self-Regard. Decreased Dropout Rate from School.
140. PAGANO, R. R., and FRUMKIN, L. R. The effect of Transcendental Meditation on right hemispheric functioning. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation 2(4): 407–415, 1977. Superior Synthetic and Holistic Thinking: Enhanced Tonal Memory.
B: Development of Personality
141. CURTIN, T. G. The relationship between Transcendental Meditation and adaptive regression. Doctoral thesis (abbr.), School of Education, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1973. Improved Mental Health: Increased Capacity for ‘Adaptive Regression’ (Conscious Experience of the Inner Self and Ability to Bring the Inner Self to Healthy Expression).
142. BOESE, E., and BERGER, K. Psychological effects of Transcendental Meditation. Department of Behavioral Science, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., 1971. Decreased Number of Situations in Life Felt to Be a Problem; Decreased Number of Serious Problems Experienced; Decreased Hostility; Enhanced SelfConcept.
143. HAHN, H. R., and WHALEN, T. E. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on levels of hostility, anxiety, and depression. Master’s thesis (abbr.), Department of Educational Psychology, California State University at Hayward, Hayward, California, U.S.A., 1974. Decreased Hostility; Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Depression.
3The terms in brackets are taken from the manual of the psychological test employed in order to clarify the characteristics measured by the text.
144. ROSENTHAL, J. M. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation program on selfactualization, self-concept, and hypnotic susceptibility. Master’s thesis (abstract), Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 1974. Benefits for University Students: Increased Self-Actualization; Enhanced SelfConcept.
145. FLOYD III, W. T., and HAYNES, J. The influence of Transcendental Meditation on anxiety. Master’s thesis of first author (abbr.), Department of Psychology, North Texas State University, Denton, Texas, U.S.A., 1974. Decreased Anxiety.
146. WILLIS, C. Transcendental Meditation and its influence on the self-concept. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, U.S.A., 1974. Better Self-Concept and Degree of Adjustment; Improved Psychological Health.
147. WEISS, C. The immediate effect of the Transcendental Meditation technique and theoretical reflections upon the psychology and physiology of subjective wellbeing. Diplomarbeit (abbr.), Institute of Psychology, University of the Saarland, Saarbrücken, W. Germany, 1975. Increased Elevated Mood; Increased Mental Clarity and Wakefulness; Increased Readiness for Activity; Decreased Vulnerability; Decreased Nervousness; Decreased Fatigue; Decreased Drowsiness; Decreased Lethargy; Decreased Depressed Mood; Decreased Introversion; Decreased Aggressive Irritation.
148. GUPTA, N. C. Effects of Transcendental Meditation on anxiety and self-concept. Department of Educational Psychology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, U.S.A., 1974. Enhanced Self-Concept; Decreased Anxiety.
149. GRIGGS, S. T. A preliminary study into the effect of Transcendental Meditation on empathy. Master’s thesis (abbr.), School of Human Behavior, United States International University, San Diego, California, U.S.A., 1976. Greater Empathy.
150. THROLL, D. A., and THROLL, L. A. The effect of a three-month residence course upon the personalities of experienced meditators. Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand, 1977. Increased Ego Strength, Emotional Stability and Maturity, and Decreased Overreactionary Behavior; Increased Emotional Harmony and Absence of Regressive Behavior; Increased Emotional Strength and Lessening of Unwelcome Thoughts or Compulsive Habits; Decreased Depression, Showing a Calmer, More Confident Attitude. Increases in—Intelligence; Self-Sufficiency and Resourcefulness; Contentment; Enthusiasm for Work; Trust; Tolerant and Participating Attitude; Creativity. Decreases in—Anxiety and Tension; Use of Alcohol; Use of Cigarettes; Need for Tranquillizers and Other Prescribed Drugs.
151. RUSSIE, R. E. The influence of Transcendental Meditation on positive mental health and self-actualization; and the role of expectation, rigidity, and self-control in the achievement of these benefits. Doctoral thesis (abbr.), California School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 1975. Increased Self-Actualization: Increases in—Time Competence (Ability to Live More Fully in the Present, Ability to Connect Past, Present, and Future Meaningfully); Inner-Directedness (Independence, Self-Supportiveness); SelfActualizing Value (Holding of Values of Self-Actualizing People); Feeling Reactivity (Sensitivity to One’s Own Needs and Feelings); Spontaneity; SelfRegard; Self-Acceptance; Capacity for Intimate Contact (Capacity for Warm Interpersonal Relationships).
152. MADSEN, W. C. Transcendental Meditation and the flexibility of constructions of reality. Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A., 1976. Greater Open-Mindedness: Greater Flexibility of Constructions of Reality.
153. THROLL, D. A. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique upon adolescent personality. Master’s thesis (abbr.), Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand, 1978. Increased Self-Actualization: Increases in— Time Competence (Ability to Live More Fully in the Present, Ability to Connect Past, Present, and Future Meaningfully); Inner-Directedness (Independence, Self-Supportiveness); SelfActualizing Value (Holding of Values of Self-Actualizing People); Feeling Reactivity (Sensitivity to One’s Own Needs and Feelings); Spontaneity; SelfRegard; Nature of Man, Constructive (Ability to See Man as Essentially Good); Capacity for Intimate Contact (Capacity for Warm Interpersonal Relationships). Increased Ego Strength and Emotional Maturity, Decreased Overreactionary Behavior; Increased Boldness and Self-Sufficiency, Decreased Inhibition; Increased Self-Reliance, Practicality, Realism, and Logical Behavior; Increased Tolerant and Conciliatory Attitudes; Decreased Instability, Insomnia, and Hypochondriacal and Neurasthenic Symptoms; Increased Self-Control, Persistence, Foresight, Consideration of Others, and Regard for Etiquette; Increased Relaxed, Unfrustrated, Guilt-Free Behavior; Increased Outgoingness and Tendency to Participate; Decreased Anxiety; Increased Self-Sufficiency. Decreased Need for Sleep Medication and Pain Relievers; Decreased Use of Cigarettes; Decreased Use of Alcohol; Decreased Drug Abuse.
154. DILLBECK, M. C. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation technique on anxiety level. Journal of Clinical Psychology 33(4): 1076–1078, 1977. Decreased Anxiety in University Students.
155. BOSMAJIAN, L. S. Role of expectancy and pretreatment personality in subjects’ selfactualizing changes while practicing Transcendental Meditation. Doctoral thesis (abbr.), Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 1977. Increased Self-Actualization: Increases in— Time Competence (Ability to Live
More Fully in the Present, Ability to Connect Past and Present Meaningfully); Inner-Directedness (Independence, Self-Supportiveness).
156. NYSTUL, M. S., and GARDE, M. Comparison of self-concepts of Transcendental Meditators and nonmeditators. Psychological Reports 41: 303–306, 1977. Enhanced Self-Concept: Less Likely to Qualify Self-Description; Fewer Personality Defects; Greater Self-Esteem; Better Opinion of Oneself; Greater Self-Satisfaction; Greater Sense of Personal Worth; Greater Satisfaction with One’s Moral Worth and Relationship to God and Religion.
PART III: SOCIOLOGY
A: Rehabilitation
157. CANDELENT, T., and CANDELENT, G. Teaching Transcendental Meditation in a psychiatric setting. Hospital & Community Psychiatry 26(3): 156–159, 1975. Benefits for Psychiatric Patients with Schizophrenia, Neurosis, Personality Disorders, and Alcohol and Drug Problems: Decreased Anxiety and Tension; Decreased Overactive or Impulsive Behavior; Improved Sleep Patterns (Decreased Awakenings per Night, Improved Quality of Sleep).
158. RAMIREZ, J. The Transcendental Meditation program as a possible treatment modality for drug offenders: Evaluation of a pilot project at Milan Federal Correctional Institution. Department of Forensic Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, U.S.A., 1975. Rehabilitation of Imprisoned Drug Offenders: Enhanced Self-Esteem; Indications of Increased Emotional Stability and Maturity—Decreased Depression; Decreased Neuroticism; Decreased Guilt; Decreased Psychasthenia; Decreased Hypomania; Decreased Schizophrenia; Increased Social Responsibility. Indications of Decreased Aggression—Decreased Hostility; Decreased Assault; Decreased Irritability; Decreased Suspicion; Decreased Resentment; Decreased Psychopathic Deviation.
159. BLOOMFIELD, H. H., and KORY, R. The Transcendental Meditation program, spiritual crisis and enlightenment. Findings previously published in Holistic way to health and happiness: A new approach to complete lifetime wellness. 243–259. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978. Resolution of Spiritual Crisis through Development of Integration of Personality: Growth of Enlightenment.
160. FERGUSON, R. E. The Transcendental Meditation program at Massachusetts Correctional Institution Walpole: An evaluation report. Institute for Social Rehabilitation, Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 1977. Rehabilitation of Prisoners: Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Hostility; Decreased Prison Disciplinary Rule Infractions; Improved Sleep Patterns (Decreased Time to Fall Asleep, Decreased Awakenings per Night, Improved Quality of Sleep).
161. FERGUSON, R. E. A self-report evaluation of the effects of the Transcendental Meditation program at Massachusetts Correctional Institution Walpole—a followup. Institute for Social Rehabilitation, Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 1978. Rehabilitation of Prisoners: Increased Work Efficiency; Increased Ability to Handle Stress and Tension; Increased Ability to Deal with Others; Decreased Use of Alcohol and Prescribed and Non-Prescribed Drugs; Decreased Use of Cigarettes; Decreased Drug Abuse.
162. DHANARAJ, H. The influence of Transcendental Meditation on cessation of drug use: Some preliminary findings. Findings previously published in RODA Summer Scholarship Abstracts, National Health and Welfare, Canada, 1973. Decreased Drug Abuse; Decreased Use of Cigarettes; Decreased Use of Alcohol.
163. MONAHAN, R. J. Secondary prevention of drug dependence through the Transcendental Meditation program in metropolitan Philadelphia. The International Journal of the Addictions 12(6): 729–754, 1977. Decreased Drug Abuse; Decreased Use of Cigarettes; Decreased Use of Alcohol; Decreased Use of Caffeine; Decreased Need for Tranquillizers and Other Prescribed Drugs.
B: Productivity and Quality of Life
164. JONSSON, C. Organizational development through the Transcendental Meditation program: A study of relationships between the Transcendental Meditation program and certain efficiency criteria. Unpublished master’s thesis (abbr.), Department of Business Administration, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, 1975. Fulfillment of Goals of Organizational Development: Ability to Accomplish More with Less Effort; Greater Alertness, Attentiveness, and Initiative; Greater Self-Confidence; Greater Decision Making Ability; Greater Ability to Assign Priorities; Greater Ease in Making Contacts with Other People; Greater Ability to Cooperate with Others and Greater Respect for the Views of Others; Greater Tolerance; Less Easily Irritated; Less Often Angry; Less Tendency to Worry about Other People’s Opinions; Less Often Tired.
165. SUAREZ, V. W. The relationship of the practice of Transcendental Meditation to subjective evaluations of marital satisfaction and adjustment. Unpublished master’s thesis (abbr.), School of Education, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 1976. Greater Marital Satisfaction: Greater Adjustment; Greater Happiness and Harmony; Greater Intimacy; Greater Acceptance of One’s Spouse; Greater Admiration of One’s Spouse; Greater Agreement on Conduct and Recreation.
166. HATCHARD, G. Influence of the Transcendental Meditation program on crime rate in suburban Cleveland. Cleveland World Plan Center, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.,
1977. Improved Quality of City Life: Decreased Crime Rate in Suburban Communities (U.S.A., 1974–1976).
PART IV: REVIEW PAPERS
Papers 167 to 189 review the application of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program in the areas of health, education, development of personality, rehabilitation, and quality of life.
A: Health
167. GRÄF, H.-D. Transzendentale Meditation—ein Weg in der psychophysischen Therapie. Ärzteblatt Baden-Württemberg (6), 1975 .
168. TOANE, E. B. The Transcendental Meditation program. Journal of the Canadian Medical Association 114: 1095–1096, 1976.
169. STUTZ, E. Transzendentale Meditation in der Medizin. Medizinische Klinik 72(20): 905–908, 1977.
170. ORME-JOHNSON, D. EEG coherence during transcendental consciousness. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 43(4): 581–582, E 487 (Abstract), 1977.
171. RIGBY, B. Higher states of consciousness through the Transcendental Meditation program: A literature review. Department of Psychiatry, Maharishi European Research University, Seelisberg, Switzerland. Rheinweiler, W. Germany: MERU Press, 1978.
172. GRÄF, D. Die Technik der Transzendentalen Meditation und ihre Wirkungen auf die Gesundheit. Erfahrungsheilkunde 27(3): 99–102, 1978.
173. KANELLAKOS, D. P. Transcendental consciousness: Expanded awareness as a means of preventing and eliminating the effects of stress. In Stress and anxiety, C.D. Speilberger and I.G. Sarason (Eds.), Vol. 5, pp. 261–315. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1978.
174. GRÄF, D. Die Transzendentale Meditation (TM) und ihre therapeutischen Mögichkeiten. Zeitschrift für Allgemeinmedizin 54(12): 701–709, 1978.
175. KROENER, D. Transzendentale Meditation und ihre Indikationen für den niedergelassenen Arzt. Biologische Medizin 9(3): 122–127, 1980.
B: Education
176. LEVINE, P. H. Transcendental Meditation and the Science of Creative Intelligence.
Phi Delta Kappan 54(4): 231–235, 1972.
177. DRISCOLL, F. TM as a secondary school subject. Phi Delta Kappan 54(4): 236–237, 1972.
178. PRICE, J. F. Education and the Science of Creative Intelligence. Vestes: the Australian Universities’ Review 17(1): 28–37, 1974.
179. CLEMENTS, G., and RIGBY, B. P. The Science of Creative Intelligence offers fulfillment in education: Self-realization found in the simplest form of awareness—the field of all possibilities. Paper presented at the Seventh World Congress, International Association for the Advancement of Educational Research, Gent, Belgium, July 1977. Rheinweiler, W. Germany: MERU Press, 1977.
C: Personality
180. SHELLY, M. Meditation and the great evolution. Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A., 1972.
D: Rehabilitation
181. KNIFFKI, K.-D. Transzendentale Meditation—TM—u.a. eine nichtchemische Methode gegen Drogenmilßbrauch. Niedersachsisches Ärzteblatt 44(24): 805– 809, 1971.
182. COX, S. B. Transcendental Meditation and the criminal justice system. Kentucky Law Journal 60(2), 1971–1972.
183. SYKES, D. E. Transcendental Meditation—as applied to criminal justice reform, drug rehabilitation and society in general. The University of Maryland Law Forum 3(2), 1973.
184. MARCUS, J . B. Transcendental Meditation: A new method of reducing drug abuse. Drug Forum 3(2): 113–136, 1974.
185. FULLERMAN, F. J. The Transcendental Meditation program: New hope for criminal rehabilitation. United States Probation Officer, United States District Court, Northern District of Illinois, Illinois, U.S.A. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Criminology and Consciousness, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 29–30 October 1977.
186. KANELLAKOS, D. P.; RIGBY, B. P.; BLOOMFIELD, H. H.; CHARLES, B. M.; CLEMENTS, G.; DAVIS, B. V.; and MEAD, G. Enlightenment for ideal rehabilitation: Expansion of consciousness as the basis of the restoration of creative intelligence. The effectiveness of the Transcendental Meditation program for rehabilitation. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Drug
Dependency, Liverpool, England, 6 April 1976. Rheinweiler, W. Germany: MERU Press, 1976.
187. STUTZ, E. Transzendentale Meditation in der Behandlung Drogenabhängiger. Das öffentliche Gesundheilswesen 39: 759–766, 1977.
188. RIGBY, B. Enlightenment in world psychiatry: The Transcendental Meditation technique—new light on consciousness. Paper presented at The Sixth World Congress of Psychiatry, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 28 August–3 September 1977. Rheinweiler, W. Germany: MERU Press, 1977.
E: Quality of Life
189. BAUMANN, E. Neurophysiologische Integration als Grundlage für Lernen und Arbeiten in der Ökologie. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Ökologie, Kiel 1977, 6: 557–560, 1978.
VOLUME 3
CHALMERS, R. A.; CLEMENTS, G.; SCHENKLUHN, H.; and WEINLESS, M., eds. Scientific research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program: Collected papers, vol. 3. Vlodrop, the Netherlands: MVU Press, 1989.
PART I: PHYSIOLOGY
The Studies in the First Two Sections Document Changes during the Practice of the Transcendental Meditation Technique Unless Otherwise Stated.
A: Metabolic, Biochemical, and Cardiovascular Changes
190. JEVNING, R.; WILSON, A. F.; and DAVIDSON, J. M. Adrenocortical activity during meditation. Hormones and Behavior 10(1): 54–60, 1978. Reduction in Biochemical Index of Stress: Decreased Plasma Cortisol Levels.
191. JEVNING, R.; WILSON, A. F.; and SMITH, W. R. The Transcendental Meditation technique, adrenocortical activity, and implications for stress. Experientia 34: 618–619, 1978. Reduction in Biochemical Index of Stress: Decreased Plasma Cortisol Levels.
192. JEVNING, R.; WILSON, A. F.; and VANDER LAAN, E. F. Plasma prolactin and growth hormone during meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine 40(4): 329–333, 1978. Change in Hormonal Balance: Small Increase in Plasma Prolactin Levels following Transcendental Meditation.
193. BAUHOFER, U. Die kreislaufphysiologischen Auswirkungen bei der
Transzendentalen Meditation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, W. Germanv. 1978. Changes in Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume.
194. JEVNING, R.; WILSON, A. F.; SMITH, W. R.; and MORTON, M. E. Redistribution of blood flow in acute hypometabolic behavior. American Journal of Physiology 235(1): R89–R92, 1978. Changes in Regional Blood Flow and Cardiac Output Indicative of Increased Blood Flow to the Brain. Reduction in Biochemical Index of Stress: Decreased Arterial Lactate Levels. Indication of Deep Rest: Decreased Respiratory Minute Volume.
195. JEVNING, R., and WILSON, A. F. Behavioral increase of cerebral blood flow. The Physiologist 21: 60 (Abstract), 1978. Large Increase in Blood Flow to the Brain.
196. ARNHOLD, E.; CHARLES, B. M.; GANDHI, J. S.; BRAGG, M. C.; and RIGBY, B. P. Endocrinological changes following instruction in the TM-Sidhi program. In XIVth International Congress of Internal Medicine Abstracts, Rome, Italy, October 1978, p. 363. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica. Changes in Hormonal Balance as a Result of the TM-Sidhi Program: Short- and Long-Term Changes in Pituitary Hormone Levels Indicative of Increased Sensitivity in Endocrine Control Systems.
197. SEVEREIDE, C. J. Physiological and phenomenological aspects of Transcendental Meditation. Master’s thesis (abbr.), Department of Psychology, University of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway, 1979. Experience of Pure Consciousness Associated with: Marked Reductions in Respiration and Heart Rates; Periodic Breath Suspension; Absence of Spontaneous Skin Resistance Responses. Maintenance of Relaxed Style of Physiological Functioning Outside of Meditation: Fewer Spontaneous Skin Resistance Responses.
198. LANG, R.; DEHOF, K.; MEURER, K. A.; and KAUFMANN, W. Sympathetic activity and Transcendental Meditation. Journal of Neural Transmission 44: 117–135, 1979. Integration of Opposite Styles of Physiological Functioning: Simultaneous Increased Activity of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Branches of Autonomic Nervous System.
199. BEVAN, A. J. W.; SYMONS, R. G.; BENG, C. G.; and WELLBY, M. L. Short-term endocrine changes in Transcendental Meditation. Proceedings of the Endocrine Society of Australia 2 (Abstract 56), 1979. Changes in Hormonal Balance: Decreased Serum Growth Hormone Levels.
200. BEVAN, A. J. W. Endocrine changes in Transcendental Meditation. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 7: 75–76 (Abstract), 1980.
Biochemical Indications of Reduced Stress: Decreased Serum Growth Hormone Levels; Decreased Serum Cortisol Levels; Decreased Serum Triiodothyronine Levels.
201. ROBERTSON, D. W., and PETERSON, J. W. Change in cardiac output during Transcendental Meditation as measured by noninvasive impedance plethysmography. Departments of Physical Education and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, U.S.A., 1980. Changes in Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume. 202. SUBRAHMANYAM, S., and PORKODI, K. Neurohumoral correlates of Transcendental Meditation. Journal of Biomedicine 1: 73–88, 1980. Changes in Biochemical and Hormonal Balance outside the Practice of Transcendental Meditation: Decreased Levels of Catecholamine and Steroid Metabolites; Decreased Plasma Cortisol Levels. Improved Cardiovascular Health: Decreased Serum Cholesterol Levels. Benefits for Patients with Aggressive Behavior, Mental Retardation, and Epilepsy: Normalization of Neurotransmitter Metabolite Levels, Plasma Cortisol Levels, and EEG Features; Decreased Aggression in Aggressive Patients; Improved IQ and Cognitive Functioning in Mentally Retarded Subjects; Reduction of Frequency and Severity of Epileptic Seizures in Epileptic Patients.
203. JEVNING, R.; WILSON, A. F.; and PIRKLE, H. C. Behavioral control of red blood cell metabolism. Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pathology, University of California at Irvine, Orange, California, U.S.A., 1981. Fundamental Change in Cellular Metabolism: Reduced Glucose Metabolism in Red Blood Cells.
204. WALTON, K. G.; LEROM, M.; SALERNO, J.; and WALLACE, R. K. Practice of the Transcendental Meditation (TM) and TM-Sidhi program may affect the circadian rhythm of urinary 5-hydroxyindole excretion. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 7: 48, 1981. Changes in Serotonergic Activity: Increased Urinary 5-Hydroxyindole Excretion.
205. FARROW, J. T., and, HEBERT J. R. Breath suspension during the Transcendental Meditation technique. Psychosomatic Medicine 44(2):133–153, 1982. Experience of Pure Consciousness Associated with: Periodic Breath Suspension; Marked Reductions in Metabolic Rate (Oxygen Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Elimination), Mean Respiration Rate, and Minute Ventilation Rate; Reduced Heart Rate; Increased Basal Skin Resistance; Stable Phasic Skin Resistance; Increased EEG Coherence in Theta, Alpha and Beta Bands.
206. WERNER, O.; WALLACE, R. K.; CHARLES, B.; JANSSEN, G.; and CHALMERS, R. Endocrine balance and the TM-Sidhi program. Maharishi European Research University, Seelisberg, Switzerland, and Department of Biology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1982. Changes in Hormonal Balance as a Result of the TM-Sidhi Program: Short- and
Long-Term Changes in Pituitary Hormone Levels Indicative of Increased Stability and Sensitivity in Endocrine Control Systems.
207. JEVNING, R.; WILSON, A. F.; and O’HALLORAN, J. P. Muscle and skin blood flow and metabolism during states of decreased activation. Physiology & Behavior 29(2): 343–348, 1982. Indication of Deep Rest: Decreased Oxygen Consumption in Muscle Tissue.
208. O’HALLORAN, J. P.; JEVNING, R. A.; WILSON, A. F.; SKOWSKY, R.; and ALEXANDER, C. N. Behaviorally induced secretion of arginine vasopressin. Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California at Irvine, Orange, California, U.S.A.; Department of Endocrinology, Long Beach Veteran’s Administration Hospital, Long Beach, California, U.S.A.; and Department of Psychology and Social Relations, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1983. Changes in Hormonal Balance: Increased Plasma Vasopressin Levels at Regular Twice Daily Practice of Transcendental Meditation. Indication of Deep Rest: Increased Basal Skin Resistance. Lower State and Trait Anxiety.
B: Electrophysiological and Electroencephalographic Changes
209. KEMMERLING, T. Wirkung der Transzendentalen Meditation auf den Muskeltonus. Psychopathometrie 4: 437–438, 1978. Electromyographic Evidence of Deep Muscular Relaxation.
210. ORME-JOHNSON, D. EEG coherence and the TM-Sidhi program. Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A. Abstract presented at the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 28 August 1978. Increased Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning as a Result of the TM-Sidhi Program: Longitudinal Increases in Interhemispheric EEG Coherence.
211. ROUZERÉ, A.-M.; BADAWI, K.; and HARTMANN, R. High amplitude fronto-central alpha and theta activity during the Transcendental Meditation technique. Department of Neurophysiology, Maharishi European Research University, Seelisberg, Switzerland, 1979. Increased Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning: Bursts of High Amplitude EEG Alpha and Theta Activity in Frontal and Central Regions.
212. CHENARD, J.-R. A controlled study of the influence of Transcendental Meditation on a specific value of the H-reflex (Hoffman reflex) recruitment curve and the surface EMG. Centre d‘études universitaires dans l’Ouest Québécois, University of Quebec, Rouyn, Quebec, Canada, 1979. Electromyographic Evidence of Deep Muscular Relaxation; Reduction in Amplitude of H-Reflex .
213. BADAWI, K.; WALLACE, R. K.; ORME-JOHNSON, D.; and ROUZERÉ, A.-M. Electrophysiologic characteristics of respiratory suspension periods occurring
during the practice of the Transcendental Meditation program. Psychosomatic Medicine 46(3): 267–276, 1984. Experience of Pure Consciousness Associated with Periodic Breath Suspension and High EEG Coherence.
214. MCEVOY, T. M.; FRUMKlN, L. R.; and HARKINS, S. W. Effects of meditation on brainstem auditory evoked potentials. International Journal of Neuroscience 10: 165–170, 1980. Changes in Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials following the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program Suggesting Improved Processing of Auditory Information.
215. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; WALLACE, R. K.; and DILLBECK, M. C. Longitudinal effects of the TM-Sidhi program on EEG phase coherence. Departments of Psychology and Biology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1980. Increased Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning as a Result of the TM-Sidhi Program: Longitudinal Increases in EEG Alpha and Theta Coherence.
216. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W., and HAYNES, C. T. EEG phase coherence, pure consciousness, creativity, and TM-Sidhi experiences. International Journal of Neuroscience 13: 211–217, 1981. Clear Experiences of Pure Consciousness and TM-Sidhis Correlated with Higher Frontal EEG Alpha Coherence and Greater Creativity.
217. DILLBECK, M. C., and BRONSON, E. C. Short-term longitudinal effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on EEG power and coherence. International Journal of Neuroscience 14: 147–151, 1981. Increased Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning: Longitudinal Increase in Frontal EEG Alpha Coherence.
218. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. Does the nervous system have a ground state? A description of high EEG coherence events in a single subject. Department of Psychology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1981. Experience of Pure Consciousness Associated with Overall High EEG Coherence.
219. DILLBECK, M. C.; ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; and WALLACE, R. K. Frontal EEG coherence, H-reflex recovery, concept learning, and the TM-Sidhi program. International Journal of Neuroscience 15: 151–157, 1981. Improved Efficiency of Concept Learning as a Result of the TM-Sidhi Program; Correlations between High Frontal EEG Alpha and Theta Coherence, Greater Neurological Efficiency (Faster H-Reflex Recovery), and Greater Flexibility of Concept Learning.
220. ALEXANDER, C. N., and LARIMORE, W. E. Distinguishing between Transcendental Meditation and sleep according to electrophysiological criteria. Department of
Psychology and Social Relations, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A., and The Analytic Sciences Corporation, Reading, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1981. EEG Differentiation between Transcendental Meditation and Napping.
221. NIDICH, S. I.; ABRAMS, A.; JONES, C.; ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; and WALLACE, R. K. Neurophysiological entry characteristics: Correlation between EEG coherence and math achievement with subjects practicing the TM program. Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1981. High Frontal EEG Alpha Coherence Correlated with Superior Performance in Mathematics.
222. ORME-JOHNSON, D.W.; DILLBECK, M. C.; WALLACE, R. K.; and LANDRITH III, G. S. Intersubject EEG coherence: Is consciousness a field? International Journal of Neuroscience 16: 203–209, 1982. Physiological Correlate of Increased Coherence in Collective Consciousness: Increased Intersubject EEG Coherence Due to Long-Range Influence of Group Practice of the TM-Sidhi Program.
223. NIDICH, S. I.; RYNCARZ, R. A.; ABRAMS, A. I.; ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; and WALLACE, R. K. Kohlbergian cosmic perspective responses, EEG coherence, and the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Journal of Moral Education 12(3): 166–173, 1983. High Frontal Alpha EEG Coherence Correlated with High Levels of Principled Moral Reasoning and Unified Cosmic Perspective on Life.
224. BERESFORD, M., and CLEMENTS, G. Real time EEG coherence analysis of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Department of Neurophysiology, MERU Research Institute, Mentmore, Buckinghamshire, England, 1983. Increased Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning: Increased EEG Coherence in Alpha, Theta, and Beta Bands; Further Increases during the TMSidhi Program.
225. BERESFORD, M.; JEDRCZAK, A.; TOOMEY, M.; and CLEMENTS, G. EEG coherence, age-related psychological variables, and the Transcendental Meditation and TMSidhi program. Departments of Neurophysiology and Psychology, MERU Research Institute, Mentmore, Buckinghamshire, England, 1983. Correlations between High EEG Coherence and Superior Performance on AgeRelated Psychological Variables: Fluency; Motor Speed; Reaction Time; Shape Memory; Flexibility. Length of Time Practising TM-Sidhi Program Predictive of Higher Mean Right Alpha Coherence.
The Studies in the Following Sections Document Changes outside the Practice of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program.
C: Physiological Efficiency and Stability
226. MILLS, P. J., and WALLACE, R. K. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program on the paired Hoffman reflex. Department of Biology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1978. Enhanced Neurological Efficiency as a Result of the TM-Sidhi Program: Facilitation of the Paired H-Reflex.
227. WARSHAL, D. Effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on normal and Jendrassik reflex time. Perceptual and Motor Skills 50: 1103–1106, 1980. Enhanced Neuromuscular Efficiency: Decreased Reflex Latency and Reflex Motor Time.
228. MILLS, W. W., and FARROW, J. T. The Transcendental Meditation technique and acute experimental pain. Psychosomatic Medicine 43(2): 157–164, 1981. Reduced Pain-Related Distress.
229. WALLACE, R. K.; MILLS, P. J.; ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; DILLBECK, M. C.; and JACOBE, E. Modification of the paired H reflex through the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Experimental Neurology 79: 77–86, 1983. Enhanced Neurological Efficiency as a Result of the TM-Sidhi Program: Facilitation of the Paired H-Reflex.
230. WALLACE, R. K.; MILLS, P. J.; ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; DILLBECK, M. C.; and JACOBE, E. The paired H reflex and its correlation with EEG coherence and academic performance in normal subjects practicing meditation. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 8: 537, 1982. Correlations between High EEG Coherence, Enhanced Neurological Efficiency (Paired H-Reflex Recovery), and Superior Academic Performance.
231. WALLACE, R. K.; ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; MILLS, P. J.; DILLBECK, M. C.; and JACOBE, E. The relationship between the paired Hoffman reflex and academic achievement in participants of the Transcendental Meditation (TM) program. Departments of Biology and Psychology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1980. Enhanced Neurological Efficiency (Paired H-Reflex Recovery) Correlated with Superior Academic Performance.
D: Health
232. GRÄF, D., and PFISTERER, G. Der Nutzen der Technik der Transzendentalen Meditation für die ärztliche Praxis. Erfahrungsheilkunde 9: 594–596, 1978. Case History of Benefits for Patient Recovering from Severe Illness, Including Severe Bronchial Asthma and Heart Disease.
233. COOPER, M. J., and AYGEN, M. M. Effect of Transcendental Meditation on serum cholesterol and blood pressure. Findings previously published in Harefuah, the Journal of the Israel Medical Association, 95(1): 1–2, 1978.
Improved Cardiovascular Health: Decreased Serum Cholesterol Levels in Normal and Hypercholesterolaemic Patients; Reduction of Blood Pressure to More Ideal Levels in Normotensive Subjects.
234. HEIDELBERG, R. Transzendentale Meditation in der geburtshilflichen Psychoprophylaxe. Doctoral dissertation (abbr.), Medical Faculty, Free University of Berlin, West Berlin, W. Germany, 1979. Better Health for Mother and Child during Pregnancy and Childbirth: Fewer Medical Complaints during Pregnancy; Less Pain and Anxiety during Pregnancy and Childbirth; Shorter Duration of Labour; Lower Frequency of Vacuum or Forceps Delivery and Other Operative Interventions during Labour; Greater Frequency and Longer Duration of Breast-Feeding.
235. AGARWAL, B. L., and KHARBANDA, A. Effect of Transcendental Meditation on mild and moderate hypertension. Postgraduate Department of Medicine, M.L.N. Medical College, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. Paper presented at the VIIth Asian-Pacific Congress on Cardiology, Bangkok, Thailand, November 1979. Improved Cardiovascular Health: Decreased Blood Pressure in Patients with Mild and Moderate Hypertension.
236. COOPER, M. J., and AYGEN, M. M. Transcendental Meditation in the management of hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Human Stress 5(4): 24–27, 1979. Improved Cardiovascular Health: Long-Term Reductions in Serum Cholesterol in Hypercholesterolaemic Patients.
237. SEILER, G., and SEILER, V. The effects of Transcendental Meditation on periodontal tissue. Journal of the American Society of Psychosomatic Dentistry and Medicine 26(1): 8–12, 1979. Better Periodontal Health.
238. KIRTANE, L. Transcendental Meditation: A multipurpose tool in clinical practice. General medical practice, Poona, Maharashtra, India, 1980. Benefits in General Medical Practice: Improvements in General Health and in a Wide Variety of Physical and Mental Disorders Including Hypertension; Angina Pectoris; Bronchial Asthma; Chronic Bronchitis; Diabetes Mellitus; Menorrhagia; Periodontal Inflammation; Recurrent Upper Respiratory Infections; Allergic Rhinitis; Chronic Back Pain; Rheumatoid Arthritis; Dyspepsia; Chronic Colitis; Insomnia; Chronic Headaches; Anxiety; Depression; Fatigue; Obesity. Decreased Need for Tranquillizers, Sleep Medications, Anti-Asthmatics, Anti-Hypertensives, and Drugs for Hypertension, Asthma, and Heart Disease. Increased Co-operation with Medical Advice. Recovery from Major Illness, Chronic Musculo-Skeletal Complaints.
239. FARINELLI, L. Possibilità di applicazioni della tecnologia della coscienza in aspetti di medicina preventiva: Una ricerca pilota. Unpublished doctoral dissertation (abbr.), Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Padova at Verona, Verona, Italy, 1981.
Multiple Improvements in Physical and Mental Health: Fewer Infectious Diseases; Better Health of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems; Less Eczema and Fewer Allergic Reactions; Less Depression; Greater Self-Actualization; Greater Self-Esteem; Better Social Relationships; Less Nervousness; Less Insomnia; Lower Use of Tranquillizers, Sleep Medication, and Analgesics; Fewer Accidents. Lower Usage of Cigarettes, Alcohol, Non-Prescribed Drugs, and Coffee.
240. YEE, A. C., and DISSANAYAKE, A. S. Glucose tolerance and the Transcendental Meditation program (a pilot study). MERU Research Institute, Singapore, and Department of Physiology, University of Singapore, Singapore. Paper presented at the International Congress on Research on Higher States of Consciousness at the Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, 4–6 December 1980. Improved Blood Sugar Homeostasis as Measured by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test.
241. OVERBECK, K.-D. Auswirkungen der Technik der Transzendentalen Meditation (TM) auf die psychische und psychosomatische Befindlichkeit. PsychotherapiePsychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie 32(6): 188–192, 1982. Decreased Psychosomatic Complaints; Decreased Musculo-skeletal Complaints; Decreased Limitations Caused by Physical and General Ailments; Increased Efficiency; Increased Emotional Stability; Decreased Use of Medicines and Non-Prescribed Drugs; Decreased Over-Sensitivity.
242. WALLACE, R. K.; DILLBECK, M.; JACOBE, E.; and HARRINGTON, B. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program on the aging process. International Journal of Neuroscience 16: 53–58, 1982. Reversal of Biological Aging: Younger Biological Age Compared with Control Subjects and Population Norms. Length of Time Practising Transcendental Meditation Associated with Reduction in Biological Age.
243. LOVELL-SMlTH, H. D. Transcendental Meditation—treating the patient as well as the disease. The New Zealand Family Physician 9: 62–65, April 1982. Case History Illustrating Holistic Improvements in Physical and Mental Health Including Relief from Insomnia; Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Need for Tranquillizers; Fewer Headaches; Increased Enjoyment of Life, and Increased Efficiency.
244. WALLACE, R. K.; SILVER, J.; MILLS, P. J.; DILLBECK, M. C.; and WAGONER, D. E. Systolic blood pressure and long-term practice of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program: Effects of TM on systolic blood pressure. Psychosomatic Medicine 45(1): 41–46, 1983. Improved Cardiovascular Health: Lower Systolic Blood Pressure Compared to Norms for Age; Effect More Pronounced in Long-Term Meditators.
245. TOOMEY, M.; PENNINGTON, B.; CHALMERS, R.; and CLEMENTS, G. The practice
of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program reverses the physiological ageing process. MERU Research Institute, Mentmore, Buckinghamshire, England, and Department of Biology, University of York, Yorkshire, England, 1982. Reversal of Biological Aging: Younger Biological Age Compared with Norms. Length of Time Practising Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program Correlated with Younger Biological Age and Younger Functional Age, and Predictive of Lower Systolic Blood Pressure and Auditory Threshold.
246. TOOMEY, M.; CHALMERS, R.; and CLEMENTS, G. The Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program and reversal of the ageing process: A longitudinal study. MERU Research Institute, Mentmore, Buckinghamshire, England, 1983. Reversal of Biological Ageing: Longitudinal Reduction in Biological Age; Younger Biological Age Compared with Norms. Length of Time Practising Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program Correlated with Younger Biological Age and Younger Functional Age. Decreased Systolic Blood Pressure and Improved Auditory Threshold.
247. BROWNE, G. E.; FOUGÉRE, D.; ROXBURGH, A.; BIRD, J.; and LOVELL-SMITH, H. D. Improved mental and physical health and decreased use of prescribed and nonprescribed drugs through the Transcendental Meditation program. Age of Enlightenment Medical Council, Christchurch, New Zealand; Heylen Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand; and Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand, 1983. Improvements in Physical and Mental Health Correlated with Duration and Regularity of Practice of Transcendental Meditation; Decreased Use of Alcohol; Decreased Use of Cigarettes; Decreased Drug Abuse; Decreased Need for AntiHypertensives, Drugs for Heart Disease, Sleep Medications, Tranquillizers, Anti-Depressants, Anti-Asthmatics, Anti-Histamines, Analgesics, and Drugs for Hypertension, Asthma, and Heart Disease.
E: Motor and Perceptual Ability
248. HOLT, W. R.; CARUSO, J. L.; and RILEY, J. B. Transcendental Meditation vs pseudo-meditation on visual choice reaction time. Perceptual and Motor Skills 46: 726, 1978. Improved Mind-Body Co-ordination: Faster Reactions (Visual Choice Reaction Time).
249. FRIEND, K. E., and MALISZEWSKI, M. More on the reliability of the kinesthetic after-effects measure and need for stimulation. Journal of Personality Assessment 42(4): 385–391, 1978. Reduced Need for External Stimulation.
250. ANTES, M. The effects of the TM-Sidhi program on rigidity-flexibility. Diplomarbeit (abbr.), Department of Psychology, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, W. Germany, 1978.
Increased Behavioral Flexibility as a Result of the TM-Sidhi Program: Increased Perceptual Flexibility; Increased Psychomotor Speed; Increased Functional Efficiency of Psychomotor Co-ordination.
251. BANQUET, J. P., and LESEVRE, N. Event-related potentials in altered states of consciousness. Motivation, Motor and Sensory Processes of the Brain, Progress in Brain Research 54: 447–453, 1980. Increased Vigilance and Improved Capacity for Selective Attention: Faster Reactions with Fewer Mistakes (Visual Choice Reaction Time); Shorter Latency and Larger Amplitude of Visual Evoked Potentials.
252. SCHWARTZ, E. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on strength of the nervous system, perceptual reactance, reaction time, and auditory threshold. Master‘s thesis (abstract), Department of Exercise Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1979. Increased Sensitivity, Strength, and Flexibility of the Nervous System; Improved Auditory Thresholds; Faster Reactions.
253. DILLBECK, M. C. Meditation and flexibility of visual perception and verbal problem- solving. Memory and Cognition 10(3): 207–215, 1982. Improved Efficiency of Visual Perception; Increased Freedom from Habitual Patterns of Perception with Increased Ability to Use Such Patterns Effectively Where Appropriate.
254. ROWE, K. C.; NEUSCHATZ, J. S.; and NIDICH, S. I. Effect of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program on reaction time. State University of New York at New Paltz, New Paltz, New York, U.S.A.; Roger Williams College, Bristol, Rhode Island, U.S.A.; and Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, September 1980. Improved Mind-Body Co-ordination: Faster Reactions (Visual Choice Reaction Time).
255. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; RAIMONDI, D.; VESELEY, B.; DILLBECK, M. C.; and WALLACE, R. K. The influence of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program on field independence: The growth of a stable internal frame of reference. Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1981. More Stable Internal Frame of Reference: Greater Field Independence.
256. HARDING, S. D. The effects of Transcendental Meditation on an auditory temporal discrimination task. Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, England, 1981. Improved Auditory Temporal Discrimination.
257. JEDRCZAK, A. The TM-Sidhi program and age-related psychological variables. Department of Psychology MERU Research Institute, Mentmore, Buckinghamshire, England, 1982.
Length of Time Practising TM-Sidhi Program Predictive of Superior Performance on Tests Measuring Age-Related Psychological Variables: Visual Memory; Creativity; Field Independence; Perceptual Speed; Motor Speed; Reaction Time; Non-Verbal Intelligence. Length of Time Practicing the TMSidhi Program Predictive of Younger Functional Age.
258. JEDRCZAK, A. Psychological correlates of experiences of higher states of consciousness in subjects practising the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Department of Psychology, MERU Research Institute, Mentmore, Buckinghamshire, England, 1982. Experience of Higher States of Consciousness Positively Correlated with Superior Performance on Tests Measuring Perceptual Speed, Flexibility, Creativity, Intelligence, Field Independence, and Psycho-Motor Speed.
259. JEDRCZAK, A. The Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program and field independence. Findings published in Perceptual and Motor Skills 59: 999-100, 1984. More Stable Internal Frame of Reference: Greater Field Independence.
PART II: PSYCHOLOGY
A: Intelligence, Learning, and Academic Performance
260. TRAVIS, F. Creative thinking and the Transcendental Meditation technique. A version printed in The Journal of Creative Behavior 13(3): 169–180, 1979. Increased Creativity: Increased Figural Flexibility and Originality; Increased Verbal Fluency.
261. ARON, A.; ORME-JOHNSON, D.; and BRUBAKER, P. The Transcendental Meditation program in the college curriculum: A 4-year longitudinal study of effects on cognitive and affective functioning. College Student Journal 15(2): 140–146, 1981. Benefits for Students at Maharishi International University: Increased Intelligence; Increased Self-Confidence; Increased Sociability; Improved Psychological Health; Increased Social Maturity.
262. WOOD, M. F. The effectiveness of Transcendental Meditation as a means of improving the echolalic behavior of an autistic student. College of Exceptional Child Education, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Autism Research, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 14 July 1981. Improved Echolalic Behavior in Autistic Student.
263. EYERMAN, J. Transcendental Meditation and mental retardation. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 42(1): 35–36, 1981. Improved Speech, Social Behavior, Intelligence, and Physiological Functioning in a Mentally Retarded Subject
264. DILLBECK, M. C., and SZAL, T. J. The Transcendental Meditation technique, working memory, and field independence in school-aged children. Department of Psychology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1981. Improved Working Memory in School Children.
265. KOTCHABHAKDI, N. J.; PIPATVERAVAT, S.; KOTCHABHAKDI, N.; TAPANYA, P.; and PORNPATHKUL, S. Improvement of intelligence, learning ability and moral judgment through the practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique. In Proceedings of the Second Asian Workshop on Child and Adolescent Development, Bangkok and Bangsaen, Thailand, 15–24 February 1982. Bangkok: Sri Nakharinwirot University. Benefits for High School Students: Increased Intelligence Growth Rate; Improved Learning Ability; Improved Moral Judgement.
B: Development of Personality
266. HANLEY, C. P., and SPATES, J. L. Transcendental Meditation and social psychological attitudes. The Journal of Psychology 99: 121–127, 1978. More Positive Conception of Human Nature; More Positive Self-lmage; Higher Levels of Tolerance; Greater Sociability; Less Pronounced Feelings of Social Inadequacy.
267. LJUNGGREN, G. Inflytandet av Transcendental Meditation pa neuroticism, medicinbruk och sömnproblem. Läkartidningen 74(47): 4212–4214, 1977. Decreased Neuroticism; Decreased Insomnia; Decreased Use of Tranquillizers.
268. HANDMACHER, B. H. Length of time spent in the practice of Transcendental Meditation and sex differences related to intrapersonal and interpersonal orientation. Doctoral thesis (abbr.), College of Education and Departments of Psychology and Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A., 1978. Dissertation Abstracts International, 39: 676A. Less Anxiety; Less Depression; More Affectionate: More Tolerant; Less Tendency to Dominate; Less Interested in Superficial Social Contacts; More Selective in Personal Relationships; Less Need for Acceptance; More InnerDirected.
269. SANDAHL, F. P. The effect of the practice of TM on the degree of neuroticism as measured by the defense mechanism test. National Defense Research Institute, Karlstad, Sweden, 1978. Decreased Hidden Mental Turbulence: Decreased Neuroticism.
270. NIDICH, S. I., and NIDICH, R. The Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program and moral development. Department of Education, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1983. Enhanced Cognitive-Moral Development; Benefits of Transcendental Meditation Further Enhanced by the TM-Sidhi Program.
271. HOLEMAN, R., and SEILER, G. Effects of sensitivity training and Transcendental Meditation on perception of others. Perceptual and Motor Skills 49: 270, 1979. Improved Perception of Others.
272. FERGUSON, P. C. An integrative meta-analysis of psychological studies investigating the treatment outcomes of meditation techniques. Doctoral thesis (abbr.), School of Education, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A., 1981. Greater Beneficial Effect from Transcendental Meditation Than from Other Meditation and Relaxation Procedures as Indicated by Meta-Analysis.
273. KNIFFKI, C. Transcendental Meditation and autogenic training: A comparison. Transzendentale Meditation und Autogenes Training—Ein Vergleich in the series ‘Geist und Psyche’. Munich: Kindler Verlag, 1979. Cumulative Benefits for Psychological Health: Decreased Nervousness; Decreased Depression; Decreased Emotional Instability; Decreased Manifest Anxiety.
274. TURNBULL, M. J., and NORRIS, H. Effects of Transcendental Meditation on selfidentity indices and personality. British Journal of Psychology 73: 57–68, 1982. Stronger Self-ldentity.
275. NIDICH, S. I. Effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on state-trait anxiety. Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1982. Decreased State and Trait Anxiety.
PART III: SOCIOLOGY
A: Rehabilitation
276. SHAFII, M.; LAVELY, R.; and JAFFE, R. Decrease in cigarette smoking following Transcendental Meditation. University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. Findings previously published in MERU Journal 24: 29 (Abstract), 1976. Decreased or Discontinued Use of Cigarettes.
277. GEISLER, M. Therapeutische Wirkungen der Transzendentalen Meditation auf Drogenkonsumenten. Zeitschrift für klinische Psychologie 7(4): 235–255, 1978. Decreased Drug Abuse; Decreased Nervousness (Decreased Psychosomatic Disturbance)4; Decreased Depression (Increased Contentment, Increased SelfConfidence); Increased Sociability (Increased Friendliness, Increased
4 The terms in brackets are taken from the manual of the psychological test employed in order to clarify the characteristics measured by the test.
Liveliness); Increased Placidity (Increased Self-Assuredness, Increased Good Humor, Decreased Tendency to Procrastinate); Decreased Inhibition (Increases in: Naturalness, Spontaneity, Self-Sufficiency); Increased Extraversion (Increased Capacity for Warm Interpersonal Relationships); Decreased Neuroticism (Increased Emotional Stability, Decreased Tension); Increased Self-Reliance (Increased Effectiveness, More Balanced Mood, Increased Vigor).
278. ABRAMS, A. I., and SIEGEL, L. M. The Transcendental Meditation program and rehabilitation at Folsom State Prison: A cross-validation study. Criminal Justice and Behavior 5 (1): 3–20, 1978. Rehabilitation of Prisoners: Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Neuroticism, Decreased Resentment; Decreased Negativism Decreased Irritability; Decreased Hostility; Decreased Prison Disciplinary Rule Infractions; Improved Sleep Patterns (Decreased Time to Fall Asleep, Decreased Awakenings per Night, Improved Quality of Sleep).
279. ABRAMS, A. I., and SIEGEL, L. M. Transcendental Meditation and rehabilitation at Folsom Prison: Response to a critique. Criminal Justice and Behavior 6(1): 13– 21, 1979. Verification of Results of Paper 278.
280. ABRAMS, A. I. A follow-up study of the effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on inmates at Folsom Prison. Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1982. Rehabilitation of Prisoners: Sustained Reductions in Neuroticism, Anxiety, Hostility, and Use of Cigarettes; Improved Sleep Patterns (Decreased Time to Fall Asleep, Decreased Awakenings per Night).
281. CARTER, R., and MEYER, J. E. The use of the Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique with severely disturbed psychiatric inpatients. Institute for Social Rehabilitation, Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 1979. Benefits for Psychiatric In-Patients: Marked Improvements in Schizophrenia, Manic-Depressive Psychosis, and Severe Personality Disorders; Decreased Anxiety and Tension.
282. NIDICH, S. I. The Science of Creative Intelligence and the Transcendental Meditation program: Reduction of drug and alcohol consumption. Department of Education, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A. Paper presented at the New England Educational Research Organization Conference, Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S.A., May 1980. Decreased Use of Alcohol; Decreased Drug Abuse.
283. BIELEFELD, M. Transcendental Meditation: A stress reducing self-help support system. In Vocational rehabilitation: Do Psychologists really belong? Cleveland V.A. Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 24 August 1981.
Benefits for Patients with Psychiatric and Addictive Disorders in a Vocational Rehabilitation Unit: Greater Ability to Maintain Employment on Discharge; More Frequently Maintained on Out-Patient Care Alone.
284. ALEXANDER, C. N., and MARKS, E. J. Ego development, personality and behavioral change in inmates practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique or participating in other programs: A summary of cross-sectional and longitudinal results. Doctoral thesis of first author (summary), Department of Psychology and Social Relations, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1982. Rehabilitation of Prisoners: Greater Self-Development, Capacity for Warm Interpersonal Relationships, and Engagement in Private, Avocational Businesses; Lower Pathological Symptoms—Lower Psychopathic Deviation, Anxiety, Aggression, Tension, and Introversion; Growth toward Higher States of Consciousness; Longitudinal Increases in Self-Development and Decreases in Aggression, Anxiety, and Schizophrenic Symptoms.
285. ALEXANDER, C. N.; GRANT, J.; and STADTE, C. VON. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on recidivism: A retrospective archival analysis. Doctoral thesis of first author (summary), Department of Psychology and Social Relations, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1982.Dissertation Abstracts International 43 (1982): 539B. Rehabilitation of Prisoners: Lower Recidivism Rate; Fewer New Convictions.
286. BLEICK, C. R. Influence of the Transcendental Meditation program on criminal recidivism. Institute for Social Rehabilitation, Berkeley, California, U.S.A., 1982. Rehabilitation of Prisoners: Lower Recidivism Rate; Higher Incidence of Clean Records; Fewer New Convictions.
287. ARON, E. N., and ARON, A. The patterns of reduction of drug and alcohol use among Transcendental Meditation participants. Bulletin of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors 2(1): 28–33, 1983. Decreased Use of Tobacco; Decreased Use of Alcohol; Decreased Use of Marijuana. 288. ARON, A., and ARON, E. N. Rehabilitation of juvenile offenders through the Transcendental Meditation program: A controlled study. Journal of Crime and Justice, in press. Rehabilitation of Juvenile Offenders: Decreased Anxiety.
PART IV: REVIEW PAPERS
A: Health
289. CLEMENTS, G., and CLEMENTS, D. M. The Transcendental Meditation and TMSidhi program and the reversal of ageing. Maharishi European Research University, Seelisberg, Switzerland. Rheinweiler, W. Germany: MERU Press, 1980.
Reversal of Aging.
290. BAUHOFER, U. Das Programm der Transzendentalen Meditation in der Behandlung von Adipositas. Maharishi European Research University, Seelisberg, Switzerland, 1983. 5Treatment of Obesity: More Successful Weight Reduction; Improved Psychological Health in Obese Subjects—Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Nervousness (Decreased Psychosomatic Disturbance); Decreased Aggressiveness (Increased Self-Control, Increased Emotional Maturity); Decreased Depression (Increased Contentment, Increased Self-Confidence); Increased Sociability (Increased Friendliness, Increased Liveliness); lncreased Placidity (Increased Self-Assuredness, Increased Good Humor); Decreased Tendency to Dominate (Increased Respectfulness); Decreased Inhibition (Increases in Naturalness, Spontaneity, Self-Sufficiency); Increased Extraversion (Increased Capacity for Warm Interpersonal Relationships); Decreased Neuroticism (Increased Emotional Stability).
VOLUME 4
CHALMERS, R. A.; CLEMENTS, G.; SCHENKLUHN, H.; and WEINLESS, M., eds. 1989. Scientific research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program: Collected papers, vol. 4. Vlodrop, the Netherlands: MVU Press.
PART I: PHYSIOLOGY
The Studies in the First Two Sections Document Changes during the Practice of the Transcendental Meditation Technique Unless Otherwise Stated.
A: Metabolic, Biochemical, and Cardiovascular Changes
291. JEVNING, R.; WILSON, A. F.; O’HALLORAN, J. P.; and WALSH, R. N. Forearm blood flow and metabolism during stylized and unstylized states of decreased activation. American Journal of Physiology 245 (Regulatory, Integrative, and Comparative Physiology 14: R110– R116. 1983. Indication of Deep Rest: Decreased Oxygen Consumption in Muscle Tissue. Reduction in Biochemical Index of Stress: Decreased Arterial Lactate Levels.
292. JEVNING, R.; WILSON, A. F.; PIRKLE, H.; O’HALLORAN, J. P.; and WALSH, R. N. Metabolic control in a state of decreased activation: modulation of red cell metabolism. American Journal of Physiology 245 (Cell Physiol. 14): C457–C461, 1983. Fundamental Change in Cellular Metabolism: Reduced Glucose Metabolism in
5Included in the research reviewed in this paper are findings which are not presented elsewhere in the Collected Papers, Volumes 1–4, and are therefore listed here.
Red Blood Cells. Normal Arterial Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressures. Reduction in Biochemical Index of Stress: Reduced Spontaneous Skin Resistance Responses.
293. WOLKOVE, N.; KREISMAN, H.; DARRAGH, D.; COHEN, C.; and FRANK, H. Effect of Transcendental Meditation on breathing and respiratory control. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology 56(3): 607–612, 1984. Decreased Minute Ventilation (Decreased Tidal Volume); Increased Basal Skin Resistance; Periodic Breath Suspension; Changes in Chemical and Neural Control of Breathing.
B: Electroencephalographic Changes
294. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; WALLACE, R. K.; DILLBECK, M. C.; ALEXANDER, C. N.; and BALL, O. E. Improved functional organization of the brain through the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field as indicated by changes in EEG coherence and its cognitive correlates: A proposed model of higher states of consciousness. Departments of Psychology and Biology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A.; Department of Psychology and Social Relations, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.; and Department of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A. Paper presented at the American Psychological Society Annual Convention, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., September 1981. Increased Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning: Increased EEG Coherence. Correlations between Increased Frontal EEG Coherence and Increased Creativity; Correlations between Changes in EEG Coherence and Increased Grade Point Average, Increased Verbal Intelligence, Decreased Neuroticism, and Enhanced Principled Moral Reasoning.
295. MISZCZAK, J., and ACHIMOWICZ, J. Hybrid analysis of spontaneous brain activity in different states of conscious experience. Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Warsaw, Poland. Results presented at the 5th Annual Meeting on EEG and Clinical Neurophysiology, Esztergom, Hungary, 1–9 October 1982. Increased Orderliness and Integration of Brain Functioning: Synchronized High Amplitude Frontal EEG Theta Activity.
296. NIDICH, R.; NIDICH, S. I.; ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; and WALLACE, R. K. EEG coherence and the length of practice of the Transcendental Meditation program. Departments of Education, Psychology, and Biology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1983. Correlation between Length of Time Practising Transcendental Meditation and EEG Alpha Coherence.
297. NIDICH, S. I.; NIDICH, R., ABRAMS, A.; ORME-JOHNSON, D.; and WALLACE, R. K. Frontal lobe functioning: EEG coherence as a predictor of highly pro-social behavior in subjects practicing the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi
program. Departments of Education, Psychology, and Biology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1982. Correlations between High Frontal EEG Coherence and Highly Pro-Social Behavior.
C: Health
298. ALLEN, C. P. Effects of Transcendental Meditation, electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback relaxation, and conventional relaxation on vasoconstriction, muscle tension, and stuttering: A quantitative comparison. Doctoral dissertation (abstract), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A., 1979. Dissertation International Abstracts, 40: 689B. Decreased Stuttering.
299. TABOGI, S. Effetti indotti dal programma di Meditazione Trascendentale sulla tolleranza glicidica. Unpublished doctoral dissertation (abbr.), Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy, 1983. Improved Blood Sugar Homeostasis as Measured by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test.
300. ALEXANDER, C. N.; DAVIES, J. L.; NEWMAN, R. I.; and CHANDLER, H. M. The effects of Transcendental Meditation on cognitive and behavioral flexibility, health, and longevity in the elderly: An experimental comparison of the Transcendental Meditation program, mindfulness training, and relaxation. Department of Psychology and Social Relations and Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A., and Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia, 1983. Benefits for the Elderly: Increased Longevity; Increased Cognitive and Perceptual Flexibility; Increased Behavioral Flexibility; Increased Learning Ability; Improved Mental Health and Sense of Well-Being; More Ideal Levels of Blood Pressure.
D: Motor and Perceptual Ability
301. SCHWARTZ, E. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on strength of the nervous system, perceptual reactance, reaction time, and auditory threshold. Master’s thesis (abbr.), Department of Exercise Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1979. Increased Sensitivity, Strength, and Flexibility of the Nervous System; Improved Auditory Thresholds; Faster Reactions at High and Low Levels of Stimulation; Decreased Perceptual Reactance.
302. FRANCE, R. An investigation into the effects of Transcendental Meditation upon hearing threshold. North Staffordshire Polytechnic, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire, England, 1983. Improved Auditory Thresholds; Decreased Heart Rate.
PART II: PSYCHOLOGY
A: Intelligence, Learning, and Academic Performance
303. ALEXANDER, C. N.; KURTH, S. C.; TRAVIS, F.; WARNER, T.; and ALEXANDER, V. K. Cognitive stage development in children practicing the Transcendental Meditation program: Acquisition and consolidation of conservation. Department of Psychology and Social Relations, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.; Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A.; Department of Psychology and Department of Management and Public Affairs, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A.; and Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1979. More Rapid Cognitive Growth and Consolidation in Pre- and Primary School Children Vital for Academic Achievement and General Cognitive Development: Superior Performance and Consolidation on Piagetian Conservation Tasks of Increasing Cognitive Difficulty Indicative of Mastery of Concrete Operational Skills.
304. BAER, N.; NIDICH, S.; and ABRAMS, A. A comparative study of Maharishi International University and two small private colleges on perceived personal growth, perceived academic atmosphere, and general quality of life. Master’s thesis, Department of Education, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1981. Benefits of Maharishi’s Integrated System of Education Perceived by Students at Maharishi International University: Better Academic Atmosphere; Greater Expectation to Gain Higher Degrees; Greater Motivation to Learn; Greater Enjoyment of School; Greater Mental Stability and Sense of Personal Security; Greater Sense of Control over Direction in Life; Greater Clarity of Personal Values; Greater Sensitivity to Other’s Needs and Feelings; Greater Mental and Physical Relaxation; Better State of Physical Health.
305. WRYCZA, P. J. Some effects of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program on artistic creativity and appreciation. Doctoral thesis (summary), School of Modern Languages and European History, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, England, 1982. Enrichment of Creativity and Appreciation in Artists.
306. KEMBER, P. The Transcendental Meditation technique and academic performance: A short report on a controlled longitudinal pilot study. Findings published in British Journal of Educational Psychology, 55: 164–166, 1985. (Abstract) Benefits for Graduate Students: Improved Academic Performance.
307. DILLBECK, M. C.; RAIMONDI, D.; ASSIMAKIS, P. D.; ROWE, R.; and ORMEJOHNSON, D. W. The longitudinal effects of the MIU curriculum on intelligence and field independence. Department of Psychology and Office of Evaluation, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1984. Benefits of Maharishi’s Integrated System of Education for Students at
Maharishi International University: Increased Intelligence; Increased Field Independence.
B: Development of Personality
308. TÖRBER, S.; MERTESDORF, F.; and HIESEL, E. Effects of Transcendental Meditation on mood and bodily sensations. Diplomarbeit of first author (abbr.), University of Cologne, Cologne, W. Germany, 1976. Less Nervousness (Less Psychosomatic Disturbance)6; Less Aggressiveness (Greater Self-Control, Greater Emotional Maturity); Less Depression (Greater Contentment, Greater Self-Confidence); Less Irritability (Greater Calm in Frustrating Situations, Greater Tolerance); Greater Placidity (Greater SelfAssuredness, More Good Humor, Less Tendency to Procrastinate); Less Inhibition (Greater Naturalness, Greater Spontaneity, Greater Self-Sufficiency); Less Neuroticism (Greater Emotional Stability, Less Tension); More Relaxation; More Activation; More Elation; Less Anxiety; Less Fatigue; Less Physical Tension; Less Physical Weakness; Increased Physical Well-Being.
309. NIDICH, R., and NIDICH, S. I. An empirical study of the moral atmosphere at Maharishi International University/ University High School. Department of Education, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1983. Benefits of Maharishi’s Integrated System of Education for Students at Maharishi International University High School: Increased Moral Maturity; High Level of Moral Atmosphere.
310. JEDRCZAK, A.; COX, D.; and CUNNINGHAM, C. Pilot testing of subjects practising the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program: Neuroticism, anxiety, well-being, and the capacity for absorbing experiences. Department of Psychology, MERU Research Institute, Mentmore, Buckinghamshire, England, and Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, London, England, 1982. Greater Well-Being; Greater Sensitivity—Greater Ability to Focus Intently and Greater Responsiveness. Lower Anxiety; Lower Neuroticism.
311. EPPLEY, K. R.; ABRAMS, A.; and SHEAR, J. The effects of meditation and relaxation techniques on trait anxiety: A meta-analysis. Also published in Eppley, K.R., Abrams, A.I., and Shear, J. (1989). Differential effects of relaxation techniques on trait anxiety: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(6), 957–974. Decreased Trait Anxiety: Greater Benefit from Transcendental Meditation Than from Other Meditation Techniques and Relaxation Procedures as Demonstrated by Meta-Analysis.
6The terms in brackets are taken from the manual of the psychological test employed in order to clarify the characteristics measured by the test.
312. ALEXANDER, C. N.; ALEXANDER, V. K.; BOYER, R. W.; and JEDRCZAK, A. The subjective experience of higher states of consciousness and the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field: Personality, cognitive-perceptual, and physiological correlates of growth to enlightenment. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.; Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A.; and MERU Research Institute, Mentmore, Buckinghamshire, England, 1984. Growth of Higher States of Consciousness. Experiences of Higher States of Consciousness Correlated with: Better Self-Concept (Greater Self-Actualization, Greater Internality of Locus of Control); Greater Creativity (Greater Fluency, Flexibility, and Originality); Profound Physiological Rest (Episodes of Spontaneous Breath Suspension during Transcendental Meditation); Greater Neurological Integration (High EEG Alpha and Theta Coherence); Greater Neurophysiological Efficiency (Faster H-Reflex Recovery); Superior Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Skills (Superior Perceptual Speed, Motor Speed, Psychomotor Speed and Flexibility, Nonverbal Intelligence, and Visual Memory); Less Symptoms of Stress (Lower Anxiety, Aggression, Depression, Introversion, and Neuroticism); Greater Capacity for Absorbing Experiences. (The correlates of higher states of consciousness summarized in this paper are drawn from both new experimental findings and the results of other studies reported in the volumes of this series.)
PART III: SOCIOLOGY
A. Rehabilitation
313. BROOKS, J. S., and SCARANO, T. Transcendental Meditation in the treatment of post-Vietnam adjustment. Journal of Counseling and Development 64: 212–215, 1986. Improvements in Post-Vietnam Adjustment Problems: Decreased Post-Vietnam Stress Disorder; Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Depression; Decreased Alcohol Consumption; Decreased Insomnia; Improved Employment Status; Decreased Family Problems.
314. GORE, S. W.; ABRAMS, A.; and ELLIS, G. The effect of statewide implementation of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field in the Vermont Department of Corrections. Institute for Social Rehabilitation, Burlington, Vermont, U.S.A., 1984. Rehabilitation of Prisoners: Decreased Sleep Disturbance (Decreased Awakenings per Night, Decreased Time to Sleep Onset, Improved Quality of Sleep); Decreased Paranoid Anxiety; Increased Internality of Locus of Control; Decreased Hostility; Greater Control of Anger. Benefits for Correctional Staff: Decreased Sleep Disturbance; Decreased Hostility; Decreased Paranoid Anxiety.
B. Quality of Life
315. ARON, E. N., and ARON, A. Transcendental Meditation program and marital
adjustment. Psychological Reports 51: 887–890, 1982. Greater Marital Satisfaction: Greater Marital Adjustment.
316. MARCUS, S. V. The influence of the Transcendental Meditation program on the marital dyad. Doctoral disseration, California School of Professional Psychology, Fresno, California, U.S.A. Dissertation Abstracts International 38(8): 3895–B, 1977. Benefits for Married Couples: Decreased Nervousness (Increased Composure and Relaxation); Increased Sociability, Energy, and Enthusiasm; Increased Ability for Spontaneous Expression of Warmth and Affection; Increased Ability to Be Sympathetic, Compassionate, and Understanding; Increased Ability to Be Objective, Fair-Minded, and Reasonable; Increased Tolerance and Acceptance of Others; Increased Self-Discipline, Decreased Impulsiveness (Increased Emotional Maturity); Decreased Proneness toward Anxiety.
Findings Reflecting Growth of Coherence in Collective Consciousness on City, State, Provincial, National, and International Levels
317. LANDRITH III, G. S., and DILLBECK, M. C. The growth of coherence in society through the Maharishi Effect: Reduced rates of suicides and auto accidents. Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1983. Improved Quality of City Life: Decreased Automobile Accident Rate; Decreased Suicide Rate (Cities, U.S.A., 1973–I977) .
318. DILLBECK, M. C.; LANDRITH III, G.; and ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. The Transcendental Meditation program and crime rate change in a sample of fortyeight cities. Findings previously published in Journal of Crime and Justice 4: 25– 45, 1981. Improved Quality of City Life: Decreased Crime Rate (Cities, U.S.A., 1973– 1978).
319. DILLBECK, M. C. The Transcendental Meditation program and a compound probability model as predictors of crime rate change. Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1978. Improved Quality of City Life: Decreased Crime Rate (Cities, U.S.A., 1974– 1976).
320. DILLBECK, M. C.; LANDRITH III, G. S.; POLANZI, C.; and BAKER, S. R. The Transcendental Meditation program and crime rate change: A causal analysis. Department of Psychology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A.; Center for the Study of Crime, Delinquency, and Corrections, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, U.S.A.; and Department of Educational Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, U.S.A., 1982. Decreased Crime Rate (Cities and Metropolitan Areas, U.S.A., 1973–1978).
321. DILLBECK, M. C.; FOSS, A. P. O.; and ZIMMERMANN, W. J. Maharishi’s Global Ideal Society Campaign: Improved quality of life in Rhode Island through the
Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., and Maharishi European Research University Research Institute, Mentmore, Buckinghamshire, England, 1983. Improved Quality of Provincial Life as Measured by an Index Including: Total Crime Rate, Mortality Rate, Motor Vehicle Fatality Rate, Auto Accident Rate, Unemployment Rate, Pollution, Beer Consumption Rate, and Cigarette Consumption Rate (Rhode Island, U.S.A., 1978).
322. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; DILLBECK, M. C.; BOUSQUET, J. G.; ALEXANDER, C.N. The World Peace Project of 1978: An experimental analysis of the application of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field in major world trouble spots: Increased harmony in international affairs. Department of Psychology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1979. Increased Harmony in International Affairs (Worldwide, 1978); Improvements in Domestic Affairs and International Relations for Major Trouble-Spot Countries (1978); Decreased War Deaths [Rhodesia (Now Zimbabwe), 1978].
323. DAVIES, J. L., and ALEXANDER, C. N. The Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field and improved quality of life in the United States: A study of the First World Peace Assembly, Amherst, Massachusetts, 1979. Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1983. Improved Quality of National Life: Decreased Violent Crime; Decreased Motor Vehicle Fatalities; Decreased Number of Fatalities from Accidents, Suicide, and Homicide; Decreased Air Traffic Fatal Accidents; Increased Confidence, Optimism, and Economic Prosperity: Rise in Stock Market Index (U.S.A., 1979). Improved Quality of Provincial Life: Decreased Motor Vehicle Fatalities; Decreased Violent Crime (Massachusetts, USA, 1979); Decreased Air Traffic Fatal Accidents (New England, USA, 1979).
324. RABINOFF, R. A.; DILLBECK, M. C.; and DEISSLER, R. Effect of coherent collective consciousness on the weather. Departments of Physics and Psychology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1981. Support of Nature for Coherence Creating Group: More Moderate Winter Temperature during Construction of Maharishi International University’s First Golden Dome (Iowa, U.S.A., 1979–1980). Improved Quality of National Life: Decreased Crime (Holland, 1979 and 1981); Decreased Automobile Accidents with Injury (Holland, 1979).
325. BURGMANS, W.H.P.M; BURGT, A.T. VAN DER; LANGENKAMP, F.P. TH.; and VERSTEGEN, J.H. Sociological effects of the group dynamics of consciousness: Decrease of crime and traffic accidents in Holland. Maharishi College of Natural Law, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 1982. Improved Quality of National Life: Decreased Crime (Holland, 1979 and 1981); Decreased Automobile Accidents with Injury (Holland, 1979)
326. DILLBECK, M. C.; CAVANAUGH, K. L.; and BERG, W. P. VAN DEN. The effect of
the group dynamics of consciousness on society: Reduced crime in the Union Territory of Delhi, India. Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A.; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.; and Maharishi European Research University, Seelisberg, Switzerland, 1983. Improved Quality of Provincial Life: Decreased Crime (Delhi, India, 1980– 1981).
327. DILLBECK, M. C.; LARIMORE, W. E.; and WALLACE, R. K. A time series analysis of the effect of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field: Reduction of traffic fatalities in the United States. Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., and Scientific Systems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1984. Improved Quality of National Life: Decreased Motor Vehicle Fatalities (U.S.A., 1982).
328. LANFORD, A. G. Reduction in homicide in Washington, D. C. through the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field, 1980–83: A time series analysis. Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1984. Improved Quality of City Life: Decreased Homicide (Washington, D. C., U.S.A., 1981–1983).
329. LANFORD, A. G. The effect of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field on stock prices of Washington, D.C. area based corporations, 1980–83: A time series analysis. Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1984. Improved Quality of City Life: Increased Confidence and Economic Prosperity: Rise in Value of Corporate Stocks (Washington, D. C., U.S.A., 1981–1983).
330. BERESFORD, M. S., and CLEMENTS, G. The group dynamics of consciousness and the U.K. stock market. MERU Research Institute, Mentmore, Buckinghamshire, England, 1983. Improved Quality of National Life: Increased Confidence, Optimism, and Economic Prosperity: Rise in Stock Market Index (United Kingdom, 1982– 1983).
331. ABOU NADER, T. M.; ALEXANDER, C. N.; and DAVIES, J. L. The Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field and reduction of armed conflict: A comparative, longitudinal study of Lebanese villages. American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.; and Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia, 1984. Improved Quality of Community Life: Cessation of Attack on a Community and Protection from Ongoing Armed Conflict in the Surrounding Area (Lebanon, 1982–1984).
332. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W., and GELDERLOOS, P. The long-term effects of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field on the quality of life in the United States (1960 to 1983). A version published in Social Science Perspectives Journal 2(4): 127–146, 1988.
Improved Quality of National Life as Measured by an Index Including: Crime Rate, Percentage of Civil Cases Reaching Trial, Rate of Infectious Diseases, Infant Mortality Rate, Suicide Rate, Cigarette Consumption, Alcohol Consumption, Gross National Product, Patent Application Rate, Number of Degrees Conferred, Divorce Rate, and Traffic Fatalities (U.S.A., 1976–1983).
333. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; ALEXANDER, C. N.; DAVIES, J. L.; CHANDLER, H. M.; and LARIMORE, W. E. International peace project in the Middle East: The effect of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 32(4): 776–812, 1988. Improved Quality of National Life as Measured by Composite Indices Comprising Data on War Intensity in Lebanon, Newspaper Content Analysis of Israeli National Mood, Tel Aviv Stock Index, Automobile Accident Rate in Jerusalem, Number of Fires in Jerusalem, and Maximum Temperature in Jerusalem; Significant Improvement in Each Variable in the Index (Israel, 1983). Decreased War Deaths (Lebanon, 1983).
334. DILLBECK, M. C.; MITTLEFEHLDT, V.; LUKENBACH, A. P., CHILDRESS, D.; ROYER, A.; WESTSMITH, L.; and ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. A time series analysis of the relationship between the group practice of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program and crime rate change in Puerto Rico. Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., and Maharishi International Caribbean, Fajardo, Puerto Rico, 1984. Improved Quality of Provincial Life: Decreased Crime (Puerto Rico, U.S.A., 1984).
335. ALEXANDER, C. N.; ABOU NADER, T. M.; CAVANAUGH, K. L.; DAVIES, J. L.; DILLBECK, M. C.; KFOURY, R. J.; and ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. The effect of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field on the war in Lebanon: A time series analysis of the influence of international and national coherence creating assemblies. Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1984. Improved Quality of National Life: Increased Progress towards Peaceful Resolution of Conflict and Decreased War Intensity; Decreased War Deaths and War Injuries (Lebanon, 1983–1984); Increased Confidence and Economic Prosperity: Improved Foreign Exchange Rate (Lebanon, 1984).
336. CAVANAUGH, K. L.; ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; and GELDERLOOS, P. The effect of the Taste of Utopia Assembly on the World index of international stock prices. Department of Management and Public Affairs and Department of Psychology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1984. Increased Global Confidence, Optimism, and Economic Prosperity as Measured by Rise of World Stock Index and Simultaneous Increase in Major Stock Market Indices (Worldwide, 1983–1984).
337. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; CAVANAUGH, K. L.; ALEXANDER, C. N.; GELDERLOOS, P.; DILLBECK, M.; LANFORD, A. G.; and ABOU NADER, T. M. The influence of
the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field on world events and global social indicators: The effects of the Taste of Utopia Assembly. Department of Psychology and Department of Management and Public Affairs, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., and Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1984. 7A Global Taste of Utopia: Increased Harmony in International Affairs— Increased Progress towards Peaceful Resolution of Conflict; More Positive, Evolutionary Statements and Actions of Heads of State and International Support for Their Policies and Leadership; Increased Confidence, Optimism, and Economic Prosperity as Measured by Rise of World Stock Index and Simultaneous Increase in Major Stock Market Indices; Decreased Air Traffic Fatalities (Worldwide, 1983-1984); Decreased Traffic Fatalities (U.S.A.; South Africa; States of New South Wales, Victoria, and Western Australia, Australia, 1983–1984); Decreased Crime (State of Victoria, Australia; Washington, D.C., U.S.A.; and Karachi, Pakistan, 1983–1984); Decreased Incidence of Infectious Diseases (U.S.A. and Australia, 1983–1984); Increased Creativity as Measured by Increased Patent Applications (U.S.A., Australia, South Africa, and United Kingdom, 1983–1984).
PART IV: REVIEW PAPERS
Papers 338 to 355 review the application of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program in the areas of health, education, development of personality, rehabilitation, and quality of life.
A: Health
338. WERNER, O. Das Programm der Transzendentalen Meditation in der Medizin. Schweizerische Ärztezeitung (39): 1722–1726, 1978.
339. WERNER, O. Perfect health through enlightenment. In XlVth International Congress of Internal Medicine Abstracts, Rome, Italy, October 1978, pp. 370–371. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
340. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; WALLACE, R. K.; DILLBECK, M. C.; and KAY (ROSENBERG), N. Recent biochemical and physiological research on the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program: Clinical and epidemiological applications. Center for the Study of Higher States of Consciousness, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A. Paper presented at the American
7 In order to evaluate the effects of the Taste of Utopia Assembly, 17 Dec.-6 Jan. 1984, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., data were gathered by the authors of this study from a) requests sent to a sample of countries on every continent; b) requests for crime statistics sent to all the world’s major cities; c) international organizations; and d) the world’s news media. Presented are the results of the analysis of the data obtained at the time of publication.
Psychiatric Association, 132nd Annual Meeting, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A., 17 May 1979.
341. BLICHER, B.; BLONDEAU, F.; CHOQUETTE, C.; DEANS, A.; DROUIN, P.; GLASER, J.; and THIBAUDEAU, P. Méditation Transcendantale revue de la littérature scientifique. Le Médecin du Québec I5(8): 46–66, 1980.
342. GUGLIELMI, I. Meditazione Trascendentale: Ricerche sui cambiamenti fisiologici e clinici. Bergamo, Italy: Edizioni Walk Over Srl, 1978.
343. HUYNH, N-N. Elimination du stress par la technique de Méditation Transcendantale. Doctoral thesis (abbr.), Faculty of Dental Surgery, René Descartes University, Paris, France, 1981. 344. RASMUSSEN, S. G.; JENSEN, M. R.; and RODENBERG, J. Præsentation af en sundhedsmodel. Ugeskrift for Lœger 145(24): 1900–1902, 1983.
B: Education
345. RAIMONDI, D., and DILLBECK, S. L. Maharishi International University’s educational index: Psychophysiological assessment of holistic development. Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A. Paper presented at the 89th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 26 August 1981.
346. DILLBECK, M. C., and DILLBECK, S. L. The Transcendental Meditation and TMSidhi program: An educational technology for the development of the knower. Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1983.
347. DILLBECK, S. L. Maharishi’s integrated system of education: Offering excellence in American education. In Proceedings of the hearing before the Subcommittee on Education, Arts and Humanities of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-Eighth Congress, First Session, on Examination of the Report of the National Commission on Excellence in Education, 22 September 1983, pp. 522–531. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984.
C: Personality
348. NIDICH, S. I., and ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. Kohlberg Stage 7, natural law, and the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Moral Education, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland, 3 September 1982.
349. DILLBECK, M. C. Testing the Vedic Psychology of the Bhagavad-Gita. Psychologia 26: 232–240, 1983.
D: Rehabilitation
350. DEVAKAR. Correctional technique—A fresh approach through SCI. Department of Social Work, Kashi Vidyapeeth, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Paper presented at the Third All India Penological Conference, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, 22–24 November 1975.
351. ARON, A., and ARON, E. N. The Transcendental Meditation program’s effect on addictive behavior. Addictive Behaviors 5: 3–12, 1980.
352. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. Prison rehabilitation and crime prevention through the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. In Holistic approaches to offender rehabilitation, ed. Leonard J. Hippchen, Chapter 15, 346–383. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publishing, 1981.
353. DILLBECK, M. C., and ABRAMS, A. I. The application of the Transcendental Meditation program to corrections and crime prevention. Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A. Paper presented in part at the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Conference, Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A., 26 March 1982.
E: Quality of Life
354. ARON, A., and ARON, E. N. Transcendental Meditation program for building family strengths: Blueprint for invincibility. Department of Psychology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A. Paper presented at the National Symposium on Building Family Strengths, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A., 4 May 1978.
355. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W., and DILLBECK, M. C. A proposal to establish a U.S. Academy of Peace. In Proceedings of the hearing before the Subcommittees on International Security and Scientific Affairs and on International Operations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, Ninetyth Congress, Second Session, on bills H.R. 5088 and H.R. 6182, 21 July 1982, pp. 241–250. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1982.
VOLUME 5
WALLACE, R.K., ORME-JOHNSON, D.W., and DILLBECK, M.C., eds. 1990. Scientific Research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation program: Collected papers, vol. 5. Fairfield, Iowa: MIU Press
PART I: PHYSIOLOGY
The Studies in the First Section Document Changes during the Practice of the Transcendental Meditation Technique Unless Otherwise Stated.
A: Metabolic, Biochemical, and Cardiovascular Changes
356. DILLBECK, M. C., and ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. Physiological differences between Transcendental Meditation and rest. American Psychologist 42: 879– 881, 1987. A Unique State of Deep Rest: Meta-Analysis of 32 Studies; Higher Basal Skin Resistance; Lower Respiration Rate; Lower Plasma Lactate. Lower Baseline Levels of Spontaneous Skin Resistance Responses, Respiration Rate, Heart Rate, and Plasma Lactate.
357. FARRELL, D. J. The reduction in metabolic rate and heart rate of man during meditation. Energy Metabolism , Lawrence E. Mount (Ed.), E.A.A.P. Publication # 26, Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. 279–282, 1980. A Unique State of Deep Rest: Reduction in Metabolic Rate; Reduction in Heart Rate.
358. GALLOIS, P. Modifications neurophysiologiques et respiratoires lors de la pratique des techniques de relaxation. L’Encéphale 10: 139–144, 1984. A Unique State of Deep Rest: Lower Heart Rate; Decreased Breath Rate; Episodes of Spontaneous Respiratory Suspension (Without Compensatory Hyperventilation). Increased Alertness: Faster Reaction Time after the Practice. Lower Heart Rate outside the Practice.
359. GARNIER, D.; CAZABAT, A.; THÉBAULT, P.; and GAUGE, P. An experimental study: pulmonary ventilation during the Transcendental Meditation technique— applications in preventive medicine. Summary of a paper that appeared in EstMédicine 4(76): 867–870, 1984. A Unique State of Deep Rest: Lower Oxygen Consumption per Kilo Body Weight during and outside TM Practice.
360. SHARMA, H. M., and STEPHENS, R. E. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program on DNA repair. Presented in part at the Federation of the American Society of Experimental Biologists meeting, St. Louis, Missouri, April 1986. Unique pattern of DNA Repair.
361. WILSON, A. F.; JEVNING, R.; and GUICH, S. Marked reduction of forearm carbon dioxide production during states of decreased metabolism. Physiology and Behavior 41: 347–352, 1987. Unique State of Deep Rest: Reduced Difference between Arterial and Venous CO2 Content in Forearm Metabolism.
362. JEVNING, R.; WILSON, A. F.; PIRKLE, H.; GUICH, S.; and WALSH, R. N. Modulation of red cell metabolism by states of decreased activation: comparison between states. Physiology and Behavior 35: 679–682, 1985. A Unique State of Deep Rest: Marked Decline of Red Cell Metabolism.
363. WERNER, O. R.; WALLACE, R. K.; CHARLES, B.; JANSSEN, G.; STRYKER, T.; and CHALMERS, R. A. Long-term endocrinologic changes in subjects practicing the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Psychosomatic Medicine 48(1/2): 59–65, 1986. Increased Endocrinological Efficiency: Long-Term Reduction in Basal Levels of Pituitary Hormones (TSH, Growth Hormone, and Prolactin), with Maintenance of Adrenal and Thyroid Hormone Levels.
364. JEVNING, R.; WELLS, I.; WILSON, A. F.; and GUICH, S. Plasma thyroid hormones, thyroid stimulating hormone, and insulin during acute hypometabolic states in man. Physiology and Behavior 40: 603–606, 1987. More Efficient Neuroendocrine Regulation: Reduction of Pituitary Hormone TSH with Maintenance of Thyroid Hormones and Insulin Levels. Lower Baseline TSH Levels in Long-Term TM Participants.
365. WALTON, K. G.; FRANCIS, D.; LEROM, M.; and TOURENNE, C. Behaviorallyinduced alterations in human urinary 5-hydroxyindoles. Transactions of the American Society for Neurochemistry 14: 199, 1983. Neurotransmitter Modulation: Change in Daily Cycle of Urinary 5Hydroxyindoles, Metabolites Related to Serotonin.
366. O‘HALLORAN, J. P.; JEVNING, R.; WILSON, A. F.; SKOWSKY, R.; WALSH, R. N.; and ALEXANDER, C. Hormonal control in a state of decreased activation: potentiation of arginine vasopressin secretion. Physiology and Behavior 35: 591– 595, 1985. Hormonal Growth: Increased Plasma Level of Arginine Vasopressin, Associated with Body Fluid Balance and with Learning and Memory.
367. MILLS, P. J.; SCHNEIDER, R.; HILL, D.; WALTON, K.; and WALLACE, R. K. Lymphocyte beta-adrenergic receptors and cardiovascular responsivity in TM participants and Type A behavior. This is a summary of a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychosomatic Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March, 1987. (Refer also to Psychosomatic Medicine 49: 211, 1987, and Journal of Psychosomatic Research 33(6), 1989). Improved Stress Reactivity: Lower Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Sensitivity; Lower Blood Reactivity to Stress; Lower Resting Blood Pressure; Lower Resting Epinephrine Level.
368. SCHNEIDER, R. H.; MILLS, P. J.; SCHRAMM, W.; and WALLACE, R. K. Luteinizing hormone: a marker for Type A behavior and its modification by the Transcendental Meditation program? Psychosomatic Medicine 49: 212–213, 1987. (Refer also to Neuroendocrinology Letters 9:181, 1987. Lower Chronic Stress: Normal Neuroendocrine Reactivity; Meditating Type A Subjects Showed Healthy Neuroendocrine Pattern.
B: Electrophysiological and Electroencephalographic Changes
369. ALEXANDER, C. N.; LARIMORE, W. E.; DASH, P.; TITUS, B.; and ISRAELSON, L. Distinguishing between Transcendental Meditation, sleep and other forms of rest according to electrophysiological criteria. Summary of a paper presented at the Midwestern Psychological Association Meeting, Chicago, Illinois, May 1987. EEG Differentiation between Transcendental Meditation and Napping.
370. GAYLORD, C.; ORME-JOHNSON, D.; and TRAVIS, F. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique and progressive muscle relaxation on EEG coherence, stress reactivity, and mental health in black adults. International Journal of Neuroscience 46: 77–86, 1989. Increased Functional Organization of the Brain: Increased EEG Coherence during TM Practice. Improved Mental Health; Decreased Anxiety; Decreased Neuroticism; Faster Recovery from Stress.
371. GAYLORD, C.; ORME-JOHNSON, D.; WILLBANKS, M.; TRAVIS, F.;RAINFORTH, M.; and REYNOLDS, B. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on selfconcept and EEG coherence in black college students. Abstract of paper presented at the 101st session of the Iowa Academy of Science, Storm Lake, Iowa, April 1989. Also see abstract insert in Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 96(1), A31–A32. Increased Functional Organization of the Brain: Increased EEG Coherence during TM Practice. Improved Self-Concept: Increased Self-Satisfaction; Increased Moral-Ethical Self; Increased Social Self; Decreased General Maladjustment; Decreased Personality Disorder.
372. DILLBECK, M. C., and ARAAS-VESELY, S. Participation in the Transcendental Meditation program and frontal EEG coherence during concept learning. International Journal of Neuroscience 29: 45–55, 1986. Increased Frontal EEG Coherence during Acquisition of New Information; More Settled Physiological Response during Cognitively Demanding Tasks.
373. MEIRSMAN, J. Neurophysiological order in the REM sleep of participants of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme. Summary of paper presented at the Sixth Annual International Conference of the Association for the Study of Dreams, London, England, July 1989. Increased Order-Producing Activity of the Brain during Sleep as Indicated by the Ratio of High Frequency to Low Frequency REM.
374. GODDARD, P. H. Reduced age-related declines of P300 latency in elderly practicing Transcendental Meditation. Psychophysiology 26: S29, 1989. Faster Processing of Cognitively Complex Information in the Elderly as Measured by Event-Related Potentials.
375. TRAVIS, F., and ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. EEG coherence and power during yogic flying. Abstract of a portion of the first author‘s doctoral dissertation, Department of Psychology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, 1988. (Refer
also to Dissertation Abstracts International 49(8): 3493B, 1988. Full paper published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 54: 1–12, 1990. Increased EEG Coherence at the Moment of Performance of TM-Sidhi Yogic Flying.
C: Health
376. GLASER, J. L.; BRIND, J. L.; EISNER, M. J.; DILLBECK, M. C.; VOGELMAN, J. H.; and WALLACE, R. K. Elevated serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in older practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Washington, D.C., November 1986. An abstract of these results also appeared in AGE 10(4): 160, 1987. Hormone Levels Indicating Younger Biological Age.
377. SMITH, D. E.; GLASER, J. L.; SCHNEIDER, R. H.; and DILLBECK, M. C. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and the Transcendental Meditation (TM) program. Psychosomatic Medicine 51: 259, 1989. (Also, refer to AGE 10(4): 160, 1987. Lower Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Levels Indicating Less Serious Illness and Slower Aging.
378. ORME-JOHNSON, D. Medical care utilization and the Transcendental Meditation program. Psychosomatic Medicine 49(1): 493–507, 1987. Lower Health Insurance Utilization Rates: Significantly Fewer Hospital Inpatient Days, Outpatient Visits; Fewer Inpatient Admissions for All Major Categories of Disease.
379. ORME-JOHNSON, D., and VEGORS, S. Medical care utilization at Maharishi International University, Fairfeild, Iowa. Abstract of paper presented at the 100th Session, Iowa Academy of Science, Ames, Iowa, April 1988. Abstract insert in the Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 95(1): A56. Lower Health Insurance Utilization Rates among MIU Faculty and Staff.
380. ALEXANDER, C. N.; LANGER, E. J.; NEWMAN, R. I.; CHANDLER, H. M.; and DAVIES, J.L. Transcendental Meditation, mindfulness, and longevity: an experimental study with the elderly. Summary of paper in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57(6): 950–964, 1989. Benefits for the Elderly Demonstrating Reversal of Aging: Increased Longevity; Increased Cognitive Flexibility (Including Increased Learning Ability and Greater Perceptual Flexibility); Increased Word Fluency; Improvements in SelfReported Measures of Behavioral Flexibility and Aging; Greater Sense of WellBeing; Improved Mental Health; Reduction of Blood Pressure to More Ideal Levels.
PART II: PSYCHOLOGY
A: Intelligence, Learning, and Academic Performance
381. DOAN, M. J. Transcendental Meditation program as a prenatal factor in the quiet alert state in normal newborns. Summary of a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of Young Children, Anaheim, California, November 1988. Increased Quiet Alertness in Newborns of Mothers Practicing the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program.
382. DIXON, C. A. Consciousness and cognitive development: a six-month longitudinal study of four-year-olds practicing the children’s Transcendental Meditation technique. Abstract of Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Psychology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa, 1989.Dissertation Abtracts International , 51 (3) Section B: 1518, 1989. Accelerated Cognitive Development in Four-Year-Old Children Practicing the Children‘s Transcendental Meditation Technique.
383. WARNER, T. Q. Transcendental Meditation and developmental advancement: mediating abilities and conservation performance. Dissertation Abstracts International 47(8): 3558B, 1986. Advanced Cognitive Development in Children.
384. GELDERLOOS, P.; LOCKIE, R. J.; and CHUTTOORGOON, S. Field independence of students at Maharishi School of the Age of Enlightenment and a Montessori school. Perceptual and Motor Skills 65: 613–614, 1987. Increased Field Independence (Growth of a More Stable Internal Frame of Reference, Increased Perceptual Acuity) in Children.
385. NIDICH, S. I.; NIDICH, R. J.; and RAINFORTH, M. School effectiveness: achievement gains at the Maharishi School of the Age of Enlightenment. Education 107: 49–54, 1986. Increased Academic Achievement for Both Incoming and Continuing Students at Maharishi School of the Age of Enlightenment.
386. NIDICH, S. I., and NIDICH, R. J. Increased academic achievement at Maharishi School of the Age of Enlightenment: a replication study. Education 109(3): 302– 304, 1989. Improved Scores on Social Studies, Literary Materials, Reading, Quantitative Thinking, and General Academic Achievement for Students at Maharishi School of the Age of Enlightenment.
387. MUEHLMAN, J. M.; NIDICH, S. I.; REILLY, B.; and COLE, C. Relationship of the practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique to academic achievement. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Mid-Western Educational Research Association, Chicago, Illinois, October 1988. (Refer also to Abstracts of Papers of the Annual Meeting of the Mid-Western Educational Research Association, p. 6, 1988.)
Increased Academic Achievement and IQ as a Function of Number of Months Practicing the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program in Secondary School Students.
388. NIDICH, R. J., and NIDICH, S. I. Improving the social climate of a Philippine secondary school through the practice of the Transcendental Meditation program. Summary of a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Mid-Western Educational Research Association, Chicago, Illinois, October 1988. (Refer also to Abstracts of Papers of the Annual Meeting of the Mid-Western Educational Research Association, p. 14, 1988.) Increased Morale, Facilitative Leadership, and Influence in Decision Making Concerning Classroom Instruction in Teachers Practicing the Transcendental Meditation Program.
389. DILLBECK, M. C.; ASSIMAKIS, P. D.; RAIMONDI, D.; ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; and ROWE, R. Longitudinal effects of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program on cognitive ability and cognitive style. Perceptual and Motor Skills 62: 731–738, 1986. Increased Fluid Intelligence and Field Independence (Growth of a More Stable Internal Frame of Reference, Increased Perceptual Acuity) in College Students.
390. CRANSON, R. Increased general intelligence through the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Abstract of a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, August 1989. Improvements in General Intelligence and Reaction-Time Measures (Which are Correlated with Intelligence).
391. KEMBER, P. The Transcendental Meditation technique and postgraduate academic performance. British Journal of Educational Psychology 55: 164–166, 1985. Enhanced Academic Performance in Postgraduate Students.
392. JEDRCZAK, A.; BERESFORD, M.; and CLEMENTS, G. The TM-Sidhi program, pure consciousness, creativity and intelligence. The Journal of Creative Behavior 19(4): 270–275, 1985. Enhanced Creativity and Intelligence.
393. JEDRCZAK, A.; TOOMEY, M.; and CLEMENTS, G. The TM-Sidhi programme, age, and brief test of perceptual-motor speed and nonverbal intelligence. Journal of Clinical Psychology 42: 161–164, 1986. Reduction of Aging Effects as Assessed by Perceptual/Motor Speed and NonVerbal Intelligence.
B: Development of Personality
394. GELDERLOOS, P.; GODDARD III, P. H.; AHLSTRÖM, H. H. B.; and JACOBY R. Cognitive orientation toward positive values in advanced participants of the TM and TM-Sidhi program. Perceptual and Motor Skills 64: 1003–1012, 1987.
Orientation toward Positive Values: Better Recall for Positive than Negative Words; Lower Recognition Thresholds for Positive Words than Negative Words; Differential Recognition Threshold for Positive and Negative Affect Terms Correlated with the Intensity of the Experienced Positive and Negative Affects; More Positive Appraisal of Others.
395. GELDERLOOS, P. Psychological health and development of students at Maharishi International University: a controlled longitudinal study. Modern Science and Vedic Science 1(4): 471–487, 1987. Student Psychological Development: Increased Psychological Health as Indicated by Unifying Ability, Autonomy, Intrinsic Spirituality, Creativity, Directedness, Well-Being, and Integration of the Personality; Higher Growth Rate on Several of These Indicators.
396. GELDERLOOS, P.; HERMANS, H. J. M.; AHLSTRÖM, H. H.; and JACOBY, R. Transcendence and psychological health: studies with long-term participants of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Journal of Psychology 124(2), 177–197, 1990. Psychological Development: Higher Scores on General Factor of Psychological Health; Higher Growth Rate Longitudinally; Scores on Psychological Health Associated with Physiological Indicators of Transcendental Consciousness.
397. GELDERLOOS, P., and BETO, Z. H. A. D. The Transcendental Meditation and TMSidhi program and reported experiences of transcendental consciousness. This is a summary of a study that appeared in Psychologia—An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient 32(2): 91–103, 1989. Experiences of Higher States of Consciousness: More Frequent Experiences of Transcendental Consciousness.
PART III: SOCIOLOGY
A: Rehabilitation
398. BLEICK, C. R., and ABRAMS, A.I . The Transcendental Meditation program and criminal recidivism in California. Journal of Criminal Justice 15: 211–230, 1987. Rehabilitation of Prison Inmates: Reduced Recidivism after Release.
B: Productivity and Quality of Life
399. ALEXANDER, C. N.; SWANSON, G. C.; RAINFORTH, M. V.; CARLISLE, T. W.; and TODD, C. C. The Transcendental Meditation program and business: a prospective study. Paper presented at the101st Annual Session of the Iowa Academy of Science, Storm Lake, Iowa, April 1989. Refer also to abstract insert in The Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 96: A32, 1989. Increased Productivity and Performance in Business: Increased Efficiency and Productivity; Improved Work and Personal Relationships; Reduced Anxiety; Reduced Job Worry and Tension; Improved Job Satisfaction; Improved General
Health; Enhanced Sleep and Reduced Fatigue; Reduced Cigarette and Liquor Consumption; Increased Physiological Stability during Task Performance.
400. CHEN, M. E. A comparative study of dimensions of healthy functioning between families practicing the TM program for five years or for less than a year. Dissertation Abstracts International 45(10) 3206B, 1984. Improved Family Life: Family Health.
The Following Papers in This Section Document the Growth of Coherence in the Collective Consciousness of Cities, States, Nations, and the World.
401. DILLBECK, M. C.; CAVANAUGH, K. L.; GLENN, T.; ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; and MITTLEFEHLDT, V. Consciousness as a field: the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program and changes in social indicators. The Journal of Mind and Behavior 8(1): 67–104, 1987. Improved Quality of Life in Cities and Territories: Decreased Crime (Union Territory of Delhi, 1980–1981; Metro Manila, 1984–1985; Puerto Rico, 1984). Improvements on Monthly Quality of Life Indices in Territories and States: Metro Manila Region, 1979–1981, Including Crime, Foetal Deaths, and Other Deaths; State of Rhode Island, U.S., 1978, Including Crime Rate, Motor Vehicle Fatality Rate, Mortality Rate for Other Causes, Auto Accident Rate, Unemployment Rate, Pollution, Beer Consumption Rate, and Cigarette Consumption Rate.
402. DILLBECK, M. C.; BANUS, C. B.; POLANZI, C.; and LANDRITH III, G. S. Test of a field model of consciousness and social change: the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program and decreased urban crime. The Journal of Mind and Behavior 9(4): 457–486, 1988. Improved Quality of City Life: Decreased Crime Rate (Cities and Metropolitan Areas, U.S., 1973–1979); Decreased Violent Crime (Washington, D.C., 1981– 1983).
403. CAVANAUGH, K. L. Time series analysis of U.S. and Canadian inflation and unemployment: a test of a field-theoretic hypothesis. This is a revised and updated version of a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, San Francisco, California, August 17–20, 1987, and published in Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, Business and Economics Statistics Section (Alexandria, Virginia: American Statistical Association): 799– 804, 1987. Improved Quality of National Life as Measured by a Monthly Index of Inflation and Unemployment (UnitedStates and Canada, 1979–1988).
404. CAVANAUGH, K. L., and KING, K. D. Simultaneous transfer function analysis of Okun‘s misery index: improvements in the economic quality of life through Maharishi‘s Vedic Science and technology of consciousness. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, New Orleans, Louisiana, August 22–25, 1988. An abridged version of this paper appeared in
Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, Business and Economics Statistics Section : 491–496, 1988. Improved Quality of National Life as Measured by a Monthly Index of Inflation and Unemployment (UnitedStates, 1979–1988), Controlling for Monetary Growth and the Rate of Change of Crude Materials Prices.
405. CAVANAUGH, K. L.; KING, K. D.; and ERTUNA, C. A multiple-input transfer function model of Okun‘s misery index: an empirical test of the Maharishi Effect. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Washington, D.C., August 6–10, 1989. An abridged version of this paper appears in Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, Business and Economics Statistics Section (Alexandria, Virginia: American Statistical Association): 565570, 1989. Improved Quality of National Life as Measured by a Monthly Index of Inflation and Unemployment (United States, 1979–1988), Controlling for the Rate of Change of Industrial Production, Crude Materials Prices, and a Measure of the Money Supply.
406. CAVANAUGH, K. L.; KING, K. D.; and TITUS, B. D. Consciousness and the quality of economic life: empirical research on the macroeconomic effects of the collective practice of Maharishi‘s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. This is a revised version of a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Management Society, Chicago, Illinois, March 1989, and published in R.G. Greenwood (ed.), Proceedings of the Midwest Management Society (Chicago, Illinois: Midwest Management Society): 183–190, 1989. Improved Quality of National Life as Measured by a Monthly Index of Inflation and Unemployment (UnitedStates, 1979–1988), Controlling for Changes in Major Economic Variables.
407. DILLBECK, M. C. Test of a field theory of consciousness and social change: time series analysis of participation in the TM-Sidhi program and reduction of violent death in the U.S. Summary of a paper in Social Indicators Research 22: 399–418, 1990. Improved Quality of National Life as Measured by a Weekly Index of Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Homicide, and Suicide (United States, 1979–1985).
408. ASSIMAKIS, P. D. Change in the quality of life in Canada: intervention studies of the effect of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Abstract published in Dissertation Abstracts International 50(5) Sec. B, p. 2203, November 1989. Improved Quality of National Life: Improvements on a Weekly Index Including Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Homicide, and Suicide (Canada, 1983–1985); Reductions of Weekly Fatalities Due to Accidents Other than Motor Vehicle Fatalities (Canada, 1983–1985); Improvements on a Monthly Index Including Violent Fatalities (Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Homicide, and Suicide), Cigarette Consumption, and Worker-Days Lost in Strikes (Canada, 1972–1986).
409. GELDERLOOS, P.; FRID, M. J.; GODDARD, P. H.; XUE, X.; and LÖLIGER, S. A. Creating world peace through the collective practice of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field: improved U.S.-Soviet relations. Social Science Perspectives Journal 2(4): 80–94, 1988. Improved International Relations: Increased Friendliness in Statements of U.S. Head of State (1985–1987).
410. DAVIES, J. L., and ALEXANDER, C. N. Alleviating political violence through enhancing coherence in collective consciousness: impact assessment analyses of the Lebanon war. Summary of a paper presented at the 85th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, September 1989. (Refer also to Dissertation Abstracts International 49(8): 2381A, 1988. Improved Quality of National Life: Reduction of Conflict in Lebanon (Increased Cooperation, Reduced Level of Conflict, Reduced War Fatalities, and Reduced War Injuries); Improvement on a Daily Index Composed of All Four of these Variables (1983–1985).
411. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W.; DILLBECK, M. C.; ALEXANDER, C. N.; CHANDLER, H. M.; and CRANSON, R. W. Time series impact assessment analysis of reduced international conflict and terrorism: effects of large assemblies of participants in the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. A summary of a paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A., August 1989. Improved International Relations: Reduced Conflict Globally, Reduced Terrorism, and Increase in World Index of Stock Prices, during Three Large Assemblies of Participants in the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program (1983–1985).
PART IV: THEORETICAL AND REVIEW PAPERS
A: Health
412. WALLACE, R. K.; FAGAN, J. B.; and PASCO, D. S. Vedic physiology. Modern Science and Vedic Science 2(1): 3–59, 1988. The fundamental principle of Vedic Physiology is that consciousness is the basis of physiology. This paper outlines and reviews the expression of consciousness at each level of the physiology and reviews research on physiological correlates of higher states of consciousness developed through the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program.
413. CHOPRA, D. Bliss and the quantum mechanical body. Modern Science and Vedic Science 2(1): 61–74, 1988. The author outlines how the intelligence of the field of pure consciousness, the unified field of natural law, is expressed through the DNA and other levels of physiological functioning. The scientifically documented effects of the Transcendental Meditation program in balancing physiological functioning from the field of pure consciousness, and promoting subjective well-being, are
discussed.
414. JEDRCZAK, A.; MILLER, D.; and ANTONIOU, M. Transcendental Meditation and health: an overview of experimental research and clinical experience. Health Promotion 2(4): 369–376, 1988. The authors review the large body of research indicating improved individual and collective health through the Transcendental Meditation program and propose that it be applied on a large scale to improve public health and reduce health care costs.
B: Education
415. DILLBECK, S. L., and DILLBECK, M. C. The Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field in education: principles, practice, and research. Modern Science and Vedic Science 1(4): 383–431, 1987. The authors outline the principles and practical techniques of the Maharishi Unified Field Based Integrated System of Education and review research indicating the ability of this sytem to develop the cognitive, affective, and physiological characteristics of the student that contribute to successful learning.
416. NIDICH, S. I., and NIDICH, R. J. Holistic student development at Maharishi School of the Age of Enlightenment: theory and research. Modern Science and Vedic Science 1(4): 383–431, 1987.
The authors review research on the success of Maharishi Schools of the Age of Enlightenment in fostering positive educational outcomes and promoting student development.
417. DOW, M. A. A unified approach to developing intuition in mathematics. This paper is an abridged version of a paper presented to the Eugene Strens Memorial Conference on Intuitive and Recreational Mathematics and Its History, Calgary, July/August 1986. The original paper will appear in the proceedings of this conference, edited by Richard K. Guy, to be published by the Mathematical Association of America in their series MAA Notes. This paper describes how the development of consciousness through the Transcendental Meditation program fulfills current needs in mathematics education by culturing mathematical intuition.
C: Personality and Development
418. ALEXANDER, C. N.; CRANSON, R. W.; BOYER, R. W.; and ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. Transcendental consciousness: a fourth state of consciousness beyond sleep, dreaming, and waking. This is an abridged version of a chapter which appeared in J. Gackenbach (ed.), Sleep and Dreams: A Sourcebook, New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 282–315, 1986. The authors review physiological research indicating that transcendental consciousness is a unique fourth major state of consciousness.
419. ALEXANDER, C. N.; DAVIES, J. L.; DIXON, C. A.; DILLBECK, M. C.; OETZEL, R. M.; DRUKER, S. M.; MUEHLMAN, J. M.; and ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. Growth of higher stages of consciousness: Maharishi‘s Vedic psychology of human development. A summary of a chapter appearing in Charles N. Alexander and Ellen J. Langer (eds.), Higher Stages of Human Development: Perspectives on Adult Growth. New York: Oxford University Press (1990). The authors outline how the experience and understanding of higher states of consciousness found in Maharishi‘s Vedic Psychology fulfills the aspiration of developmental psychology to comprehend the full development of human life.
D: Rehabilitation
420. DILLBECK, M. C., and ABRAMS, A. I. The application of the Transcendental Meditation program to correction. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 11(1): 111–132, 1987. This paper reviews the research on the application of the Transcendental Meditation program in corrections, including improved mental health and reduced hostility among inmates, and reduced recidivism upon release. The authors propose the implementation of the Transcendental Meditation program in correctional settings on a large scale, in order to promote effective rehabilitation and thereby reduce the substantial financial and human costs to society of incarceration.
421. CLEMENTS, G.; KRENNER, L.; and MÖLK, W. The use of the Transcendental Meditation programme in the prevention of drug abuse and in the treatment of drug-addicted persons. Bulletin on Narcotics 40(1): 51–56, 1988. This paper reviews the results of studies indicating that the practice of the Transcendental Meditation program reduces substance abuse.
E: Productivity and Quality of Life
422. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W., and DILLBECK, M. C. Maharishi‘s program to create world peace: theory and research. Modern Science and Vedic Science 1(2): 207– 259, 1987. This paper reviews Maharishi‘s theoretical principles of collective consciousness and the empirical research demonstrating improved quality of life at the city, state, national, and international levels. The research indicates that an influence of peace is created worldwide through the group practice of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program by at least 7000 individuals—the square root of one percent of the world‘s population.
F: Maharishi’s Vedic Psychology
423. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. The cosmic psyche: an introduction to Maharishi‘s Vedic psychology—the fulfillment of modern psychology. Modern Science and Vedic Science 2(2): 113–163, 1988. This paper introduces basic concepts of Maharishi‘s Vedic Psychology and
compares its major principles to those of twentieth-century psychology. The author concludes that Maharishi‘s Vedic Psychology fulfills the theoretical and applied goals of psychology.
424. ORME-JOHNSON, D. W. The cosmic psyche as the unified source of creation: verification through scientific principles, direct experience, and scientific research. Modern Science and Vedic Science 2(2): 165–221, 1988. This paper presents the field of pure consciousness, or cosmic psyche, as the source of all mental and physical phenomena. The qualities of this field are verified through several approaches, including direct experience and scientific research.
425. DILLBECK, M. C. The self-interacting dynamics of consciousness as the source of the creative process in nature and in human life: the mechanics of individual intelligence arising from the field of cosmic intelligence—the cosmic psyche. Modern Science and Vedic Science 2(3): 245–278, 1988. This paper outlines how, from the perspective of Maharishi‘s Vedic Psychology, the field of pure consciousness sequentially gives rise to the diversity of subjective and objective existence. Research is reviewed indicating that all levels of subjective life are enriched from their basis, pure consciousness, through the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program.
426. ALEXANDER, C. N., and BOYER, R. W. Seven states of consciousness: unfolding the full potential of the cosmic psyche in individual life through Maharishi‘s Vedic Psychology. Modern Science and Vedic Science 2(4): 325–371, 1989. This paper outlines the sequential unfoldment of higher states of consciousness brought to light by Maharishi and reviews the scientific research indicating the development of higher states through the Transcendental Meditation and TMSidhi program.
427. GELDERLOOS, P., and VAN DEN BERG, W. P. Maharishi‘s TM-Sidhi Program: Participating in the infinite creativity of nature to enliven the totality of the cosmic psyche in all aspects of life. Modern Science and Vedic Science 2(4): 373–412, 1989. This paper introduces Maharishi‘s TM-Sidhi program as the technique to enliven the self-interacting dynamics of consciousness in the awareness of the individual, thereby accelerating growth of higher states of consciousness; it also reviews the scientific research on the TM-Sidhi program.
G: Maharishi’s Vedic Science and the Foundations of Mathematics and Physics
428. WEINLESS, M. The samhita of sets: Maharishi‘s Vedic Science and the foundations of mathematics. Modern Science and Vedic Science 1(2): 141–204, 1987. This paper reviews basic concepts of set theory and other foundational perspectives in mathematics in relation to the central principles of Maharishi‘s Vedic Science.
429. HAGELIN, J. S. Is consciousness the unified field? A field theorist‘s perspective. Modern Science and Vedic Science 1(1): 29–87, 1987. This paper presents an introduction to unified quantum field theories followed by a discussion of theory, research, and subjective experiences from Maharishi‘s Vedic Science, in which pure consciousness is described as the unified field of all the laws of nature.
430. HAGELIN, J. S. Restructuring physics from its foundation in light of Maharishi‘s Vedic Science. Modern Science and Vedic Science 3(1): 3–72, 1989. The author proposes the renaming of the basic forces and particles of nature in light of their basis in the unified field; he outlines how Maharishi‘s Vedic Science brings fulfillment to this aspiration, and reviews research indicating that the unified field can be directly experienced and utilized by human awareness through the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON MAHARISHI’S TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AND TM-SIDHI PROGRAMME: COLLECTED PAPERS, VOLUME 6
PART I: PHYSIOLOGY
A: Metabolic, Biochemical, and Cardiovascular Changes
Introduction to the Section
431 EFFECTS ON REGIONAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW OF TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION Ron Jevning, Ph.D.; Rajen Anand, Ph.D.; Mark Biedebach, Ph.D.; and Gene Fernando, M.B.A. Increased Relative Blood Flow to the Brain in Frontal and Occipital Regions; Decreased Cerebrovascular Resistance Correlated with Increased Relative Cerebral Blood Flow; Increased Galvanic Skin Resistance; Increased Galvanic Skin Resistance Correlated with Increased Relative Cerebral Blood Flow
432 ELEVATED SERUM DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE LEVELS IN PRACTITIONERS OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION (TM) AND TMSIDHI PROGRAM Jay L. Glaser, M.D.; Joel L. Brind, Ph.D.; Joseph H. Vogelman, Ph.D.; Michael J. Eisner, M.D.; Michael C. Dillbeck, Ph.D.; R. Keith Wallace, Ph.D.; and Norman Orentreich, M.D. Indications of Younger Biological Age: Increased DHEA-S Levels in Female and Older Male Practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme
433 BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR SENSITIVITY IN SUBJECTS PRACTICING TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION Paul J. Mills, Ph.D.; Robert H. Schneider, M.D.; David Hill, Ph.D.; Kenneth G. Walton, Ph.D.; and R. Keith Wallace, Ph.D. Decreased Sensitivity to Stress Hormones: Reduced Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Sensitivity
434 BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR SENSITIVITY, AUTONOMIC BALANCE AND SEROTONERGIC ACTIVITY IN PRACTITIONERS OF TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION David Alan Hill, Ph.D. Decreased Sensitivity to Stress Hormones: Reduced Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Sensitivity; More Stable Balance of the Physiology: Reduced Peripheral Serotonergic Activity Following Practice of the TM-Sidhi Programme; Length of Practice of the Transcendental Meditation Programme Correlated with Change in, and Lower Level of, Peripheral Serotonergic Activity
435 ACUTE IMMUNOREACTIVITY MODIFIED BY PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS: TYPE A/B BEHAVIOR, TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AND LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION Karen S. Blasdell, Ph.D. Improved Immune Response to Stress: Faster Recovery of Baseline Immune Functioning Among Type A Subjects
436 INDOLE-MEDIATED ADAPTATION: DOES MELATONIN MEDIATE RESISTANCE TO STRESS IN HUMANS? Kenneth G. Walton, Ph.D.; Gregory M. Brown, M.D., Ph.D.; Nirmal Pugh, B.S.; Christopher MacLean, M.S.; and Paul Gelderloos, S.Sc.D. Lower Melatonin Turnover; Lower Levels of Melatonin Turnover Associated with Lower Stress
437 STRESS AND SEROTONIN TURNOVER IN NORMAL SUBJECTS: RELATION TO SEROTONIN DEFICIENCIES IN MENTAL DISORDERS Kenneth G. Walton, Ph.D.; Paul Gelderloos, S.Sc.D.; Nirmal Pugh; Phil Macrae, B.S.; Phil Goddard, M.S.; Christopher MacLean, M.S.; and Debra Levitsky, M.S. Higher Whole Body Serotonin Turnover; Less Mood Disturbance
438 MECHANISMS RELATING STRESS REDUCTION AND HEALTH: CHANGES IN NEUROENDOCRINE RESPONSES TO LABORATORY STRESS AFTER FOUR MONTHS OF TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION Christopher Robin K. MacLean, Ph.D. More Adaptive Biochemical Response to Stress: Decreased Baseline Cortisol and Decreased Overall Cortisol During Stress Session; Enhanced Cortisol Response During Stressful Challenge with Rapid Return to Baseline; Decreased TSH Response to Stress; Increased GH Response to Stress; Increased Testosterone Response to Stress. Decreased Plasma Serotonin Relative to Controls for Baseline, Average, and Response to Stress. (In
contrast to whole body serotonin metabolism, low plasma serotonin indicates decreased stress and decreased risk of high blood pressure. Low baseline cortisol and enhanced cortisol response to stress is a more stable and adaptive physiological profile.)
439 STRESS REDUCTION AND PREVENTING HYPERTENSION: PRELIMINARY SUPPORT FOR A PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINE MECHANISM Kenneth G. Walton, Ph.D.; Nirmal D. C. Pugh, B.S.; Paul Gelderloos, S.Sc.D.; and Phil Macrae, B.S. Endocrine Pattern Associated with Lower Stress: Lower Excretion of Cortisol and Aldosterone; Higher Excretion of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate and Serotonin Metabolite 5-HIAA; Lower Excretion of Sodium, Calcium, Zinc, and Sodium/Potassium Ratio; Lower Anxiety; Less Mood Disturbance
440 CIRCADIAN RHYTHM ALTERATION BY A MENTAL TECHNIQUE FOR STRESS REDUCTION. Jose Rafael Infante, M.D., Ph.D.; Francisco Samaniego, Ph.D.; Margarita Martinez, M.D.; Ana Roldan, M.D.; Marisa Hortas, M.D.; Eduardo Lopez, M.D.; Jose Castejon, M.D.; Rafael Poyatos, M.D.; and Fernando Peran, Ph.D. Biochemical Indications of Decreased Stress: Lower Morning Levels of ACTH and Betaendorphins
441 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUBJECTIVE BLISS, 5-HYDROXY-3INDOLEACETIC ACID AND THE COLLECTIVE PRACTICE OF MAHARISHI‘S TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AND TM-SIDHI PROGRAM Sarah-Annelies Löliger, Ph.D. Increased Serotonin Turnover, Increased Subjective Experience of Bliss, and Improved Quality of Night Sleep Correlated with the Size of a Group of TM-Sidhi Programme Participants; Quality of Experiences During the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme Correlated with the Size of a Group of TM-Sidhi Programme Participants
B: Electrophysiological and Electroencephalographic Changes
Introduction to the Section
442 MOBILIZATION OF THE HIDDEN RESERVES OF THE BRAIN Nicolai N. Lyubimov, Dr. Med. Sci. Mobilization of Hidden Reserves of the Brain: Wider Distribution of Cortical Response to Somatosensory Stimuli
443 CEREBRAL CONTROL OF AFFERENT SOMATOSENSORY PROJECTIONS Tatiana V. Orlova, Dr. Biol. Sci.; Elena V. Petrenko, Cand. Med. Sci.; and Nicolai N. Lyubimov, Dr. Med. Sci. Increased Amplitude of Early Cortical and Brain Stem Responses to Somatosensory Stimuli
444 P300 UNDER CONDITIONS OF TEMPORAL UNCERTAINTY AND FILTER ATTENUATION: REDUCED LATENCY IN LONG-TERM PRACTITIONERS OF TM
Robert Cranson, Ph.D.; Phil Goddard, M.S.; David Orme-Johnson, Ph.D.; and Donald Schuster, Ph.D. Faster Neurocognitive Processing: Reduced Latency of Auditory Brain Response (P300)
445 TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AS AN INTERVENTION IN THE AGING OF NEUROCOGNITIVE FUNCTION: REDUCED AGE-RELATED DECLINES OF P300 LATENCIES IN ELDERLY PRACTITIONERS Phil H. Goddard, Ph. D. Preservation of Neurocognitive Processing Speed with Age: Faster Latency of Visual Evoked Potentials (P300)
446 ENDOGENOUS EVOKED POTENTIALS IN SUBJECTS PRACTICING TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION Snjezana Miskov, M.D., Ph.D. Increased Efficiency and Decreased Age-Related Deterioration of Cognitive Information Processing as Measured by Auditory Event-Related Potentials: Increased Amplitude and Decreased Latency of Brain Potentials (P300) Correlated with Length of Time Practicing Transcendental Meditation; Greater Amplitude of Response Prior to Transcendental Meditation in Comparison to Controls; Shorter Latency of Response Following Transcendental Meditation in Comparison to Before; Shorter Latency of Response Following Transcendental Meditation in Comparison to Controls 447 P300 LATENCY AND AMPLITUDE DURING EYES-CLOSED REST AND TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION PRACTICE Frederick Travis, Ph.D.; and Snjezana Miskov, M.D., Ph.D. Improved Efficiency of Information Transfer in the Brain: Shorter Latencies of Auditory Evoked Potentials (P300) Following Transcendental Meditation
448 EEG ANALYSIS DURING MEDITATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY Dr. med. Wulf Splittstoesser EEG Indications of Restful Alertness: Low or High Amplitude Theta Activity Alternating with Basic Alpha Activity; Isolated Delta Waves with Occasional Overlap by Fast Frequencies; High Amplitude Theta Bursts; Increased Intrahemispheric Coherence in the Alpha and Theta Frequency Bands
449 EYES OPEN AND TM EEG PATTERNS AFTER ONE AND EIGHT YEARS OF TM PRACTICE Frederick Travis, Ph.D. Higher Eyes-Open Frontal-Central EEG Coherence in Long-Term Participants in the Transcendental Meditation Programme; Increased Frontal Apha EEG Activity and Periodic Theta-Alpha Bursts During the Practice of Transcendental Meditation for both Short-Term and Long-Term Participants
450 THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MODIFIED CONSCIOUSNESS DURING AND AFTER TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION
Evgeni N. Istratov, Cand. Biol. Sci.; Nicolai N. Lyubimov, Dr. Med. Sci.; and Tatiana V. Orlova, Dr. Biol. Sci. EEG Indications of Restful Alertness: Increased Stability of Alpha Activity, Increased Beta Power, and Reduced Slow-Wave Delta and Theta Power During Transcendental Meditation; Persistence of EEG Changes Following Transcendental Meditation
451 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ALPHA RHYTHM CONTENT IN SPONTANEOUS EEG ACTIVITY AMONG SUBJECTS PRACTISING THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION TECHNIQUE Evgeni N. Istratov, Cand. Biol. Sci.; and Sergei N. Lyubimov, Cand. Med. Sci. EEG Indications of Restful Alertness: High Frontal EEG Alpha Power During Transcendental Meditation; Stabilization of Frontal EEG Alpha Power Outside the Practice of Transcendental Meditation
452 EEG RELATIVE ALPHA POWER DURING YOGIC FLYING David W. Orme-Johnson, Ph.D.; and Paul Gelderloos, S.Sc.D. Stabilized Restful Alertness: EEG Alpha Power During TM-Sidhi Yogic Flying
453 EEG COHERENCE AND POWER DURING YOGIC FLYING Frederick T. Travis, Ph.D.; and David W. Orme-Johnson, Ph.D. Increased EEG Coherence and Power Immediately before the Body Lifted up during TMSidhi Yogic Flying
454 AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF MAHARISHI‘S JUNCTION POINT MODEL OF STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS Frederick T. Travis, Ph.D. Indication of Pure Consciousness at the Transition between Waking and Sleeping: EEG Alpha Activity in the Frontal Cortex; Increased Duration of Frontal Alpha Activity During Transcendental Meditation
455 THE JUNCTION POINT MODEL: A FIELD MODEL OF WAKING, SLEEPING, AND DREAMING, RELATING DREAM WITNESSING, THE WAKING/SLEEPING TRANSITION, AND TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION IN TERMS OF A COMMON PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC STATE Frederick Travis, Ph.D. Indication of Pure Consciousness at the Transition Between Waking, Sleeping, and Dreaming: Increased EEG Theta/Alpha Power
456 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF HIGHER STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS DURING SLEEP Lynne Mason, Ph.D.; Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D.; Fredrick T. Travis, Ph.D.; David W. Orme-Johnson, Ph.D.; Jayne Gackenbach, Ph.D.; Gail Marsh, Ph.D.; Kenneth Walton, Ph.D.; and Maxwell Rainforth, M.S., M.A. Experience of Pure Consciousness During Sleep: Increased EEG Theta/Alpha Power During Deep Sleep; Decreased EMG Activity During Deep Sleep; Increased REM Density During REM Sleep; More Frequent Reports of Higher States of Consciousness
C: Health
Introduction to the Section
457 TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION, MINDFULNESS, AND LONGEVITY: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY WITH THE ELDERLY. Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D.; Ellen J. Langer, Ph.D.; Ronnie I. Newman, M.Ed.; Howard M. Chandler, M.S.; and John L. Davies, Ph.D. Benefits for the Elderly Demonstrating Reversal of Ageing: Increased Longevity (Higher Survival Rate); Reduction of Systolic Blood Pressure to More Ideal Levels; Improved Mental Health (Improvements on Nurses‘ Mental Health Ratings); Increased Cognitive Flexibility (Verbal Task); Increased Learning Ability (Paired Associate Learning Task); Improvements in Self-Reported Measures of Behavioural Flexibility and Ageing (Greater Ability to Cope with Inconvenience, Reduced Feelings of Being Old); Greater Sense of Well-Being (Feeling Better and More Relaxed After Transcendental Meditation; Feeling Better During Transcendental Meditation; High Interest in Transcendental Meditation; and High Ratings of the Value of Transcendental Meditation)
458 A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF STRESS REDUCTION ON CARDIOVASCULAR AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY IN THE ELDERLY: RESULTS OF 8 YEAR AND 15 YEAR FOLLOW-UPS Charles Alexander, Ph.D.; Vernon Barnes, Ph.D.; Robert Schneider, M.D.; Ellen Langer, Ph.D.; Ronnie Newman, M.Ed.; Howard Chandler, Ph.D.; John Davies, Ph.D.; and Maxwell Rainforth, M.S., M.A. Benefits for the Elderly: Increased Longevity (Higher Survival Rate); Higher Survival Rate Among Those with Cardiovascular Mortality
459 A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF STRESS REDUCTION FOR HYPERTENSION IN OLDER AFRICAN AMERICANS Robert H. Schneider, M.D; Frank Staggers, M.D.; Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D.; William Sheppard, Ph.D.; Maxwell Rainforth, M.S., M.A.; Kofi Kondwani, M.S.; Sandra Smith, Ph.D.; and Carolyn Gaylord King, Ph.D. More Ideal Levels of Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Subjects: Reduction of High Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure
460 TRIAL OF STRESS REDUCTION FOR HYPERTENSION IN OLDER AFRICAN AMERICANS: II. SEX AND RISK SUBGROUP ANALYSIS Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D.; Robert H. Schneider, M.D.; Frank Staggers, M.D.; William Sheppard, Ph.D.; B. Mawiyah Clayborne, Ph.D.; Maxwell Rainforth, M.S., M.A.; John Salerno, Ph.D.; Kofi Kondwani, M.S.; Sandra Smith, Ph.D; Kenneth G. Walton, Ph.D.; and Brent Egan, M.D. More Ideal Levels of Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Subjects who Learned the Transcendental Meditation Programme: Reduction of High Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Found for both Men and Women, and both High and Low Psychosocial Stress Subjects; Reduction of High Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Irrespective of Score on Five Other Measures of Risk for High Blood Pressure—Obesity, Alcohol Use,
Physical Inactivity, Dietary Sodium-Potassium Intake, and Index of All Risk Factors Combined
461 THE EFFECT OF TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION ON AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE AND CARDIOVASCULAR REACTIVITY Stig R. Wenneberg, M.S.; Robert H. Schneider, M.D.; Christopher R. K. MacLean, M.S.; Debra K. Levitsky, M.S.; Kenneth G. Walton, Ph.D.; Joseph Mandarino, Ph.D.; and Rafiq Waziri, M.D. More Ideal Levels of Blood Pressure in Normotensive Subjects: Decreased Mean Diastolic Ambulatory Blood Pressure; Maintenance of Blood Pressure Reactivity.
462 COST-EFFECTIVE HYPERTENSION MANAGEMENT: COMPARISON OF DRUG THERAPIES WITH AN ALTERNATIVE PROGRAM Robert E. Herron, Ph.D.; Robert H. Schneider, M.D.; Joseph V. Mandarino, Ph.D.; Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D.; and Kenneth Walton, Ph.D. Greater Cost-Effectiveness for Hypertension Management through Transcendental Meditation Programme in Comparison to Drug Therapies
463 USEFULNESS OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION PROGRAM IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE John W. Zamarra, M.D.; Robert H. Schneider, M.D.; Italo Besseghini, M.D.; Donald K. Robinson, M.S.; and John W. Salerno, Ph.D. Improved Cardiovascular Functioning in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: Improved Exercise Tolerance (Increased Exercise Duration; Increased Maximal Workload; Greater Delay of Onset of ST Depression; Greater Reduction of Rate-Pressure Product During Exercise)
464 TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AND THREE CASES OF MIGRAINE H. David Lovell-Smith, B.A, M.B., Ch.B. Reduced Frequency and Severity of Migraine Headache
465 MONITORING BEHAVIOURAL STRESS CONTROL USING A CRANIOMANDIBULAR INDEX R. M. Shaw, B.D.Sc., M.Sc.; and D. M. Dettmar, B.D.Sc. Reduction of craniomandibular stress
466 EFFECTS OF TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION (TM) ON THE MENTAL HEALTH OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS Takashi Haratani, Ph.D.; and Takemitsu Hemmi, M.D., Ph.D. Improvements in General Physical and Mental Well-Being in Industrial Workers: Decreased Physical Complaints; Decreased Impulsive Tendency; Reduced Emotional Instability; Decreased Neurotic Tendency; Decreased Anxiety
467 EFFECTS OF TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION (TM) ON THE HEALTH BEHAVIOUR OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS Takashi Haratani, Ph.D.; and Takemitsu Hemmi, M.D., Ph.D.
Improved Sleep and Decreased Smoking in Industrial Workers: Decreased Time to Fall Asleep; Reduced Waking During the Night; Decreased Percentage of People Smoking; Fewer Cigarettes Smoked per Day
468 THE ROLE OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION TECHNIQUE IN PROMOTING SMOKING CESSATION: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY Ann Royer, Ph.D. Decreased Cigarette Consumption; Increased Smoking Quit Rate Over a Two-Year Period
469 THE IMPACT OF TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION PRACTICE ON MEDICAL EXPENDITURES Robert E. Herron, Ph.D. Decreased Payments for Physicians‘ Services; Greatest Savings for Elderly and High Medical Cost People
470 THE IMPACT OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION PROGRAM ON GOVERNMENT PAYMENTS TO PHYSICIANS IN QUEBEC Robert E. Herron, Ph.D.; Stephen L. Hillis, Ph.D.; Joseph V. Mandarino, Ph.D.; David W. Orme-Johnson, Ph.D.; and Kenneth G. Walton, Ph.D. Decreased Payments for Physicians‘ Services
PART II: PSYCHOLOGY
A: Intelligence, Learning, and Academic Performance
471 TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AND IMPROVED PERFORMANCE ON INTELLIGENCE-RELATED MEASURES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY Robert W. Cranson, Ph.D.; David W. Orme-Johnson, Ph.D.; Jayne Gackenbach, Ph.D.; Michael C. Dillbeck, Ph.D.; Christopher H. Jones, Ed.D.; and Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D. Increased General Intelligence: Improved Intelligence Test Performance; Improvement in Reaction Time Measures Correlated with General Intelligence (Faster Choice Reaction Time, Lower Standard Deviation of Choice Reaction Time); Faster Simple Reaction Time
472 VEDIC SCIENCE BASED EDUCATION AND NONVERBAL INTELLIGENCE: A PRELIMINARY LONGITUDINAL STUDY IN CAMBODIA Lee C. Fergusson, Ph.D.; Anna J. Bonshek, M.A.; and Gildas Le Masson, M.A. Increased Nonverbal Intelligence
473 TESTING AND DEVELOPING HOLISTIC INTELLIGENCE IN CHINESE CULTURE WITH MAHARISHI‘S VEDIC PSYCHOLOGY: THREE EXPERIMENTAL REPLICATIONS USING TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION So Kam-Tim, Ph.D.
Increased Creativity; Increased Fluid Intelligence; Decreased Inspection Time (Increased Speed of Information Processing); Increased Field Independence; Increased Constructive Thinking; Decreased Anxiety.
474 COGNITIVE AND SELF DEVELOPMENT AMONG URBAN CHILDREN PARTICIPATING IN AN AFTER-SCHOOL EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM Michael C. Dillbeck, Ph.D.; Horus I. Msemaje, M.S.; B. Mawiyah Clayborne, Ph.D.; and Susan L. Dillbeck, Ph.D. Increased Analytical Ability; Increased General Intellectual Performance; Improved Self Concept
475 FIELD INDEPENDENCE AND ART ACHIEVEMENT IN MEDITATING AND NONMEDITATING COLLEGE STUDENTS Lee C. Fergusson, Ph.D. Higher Level of Field Independence; Field Independence Correlated with Artistic Ability and College Academic Performance
476 FIELD INDEPENDENCE, TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AND ACHIEVEMENT IN COLLEGE ART: A REEXAMINATION Lee C. Fergusson, Ph.D. Higher Level of Field Independence; Correlation of Field Independence with Artistic Ability, Self-Perceived Artistic Competence, and College Academic Performance
B: Development of Personality
477 TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION, SELF-ACTUALIZATION, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH: A CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW AND STATISTICAL META–ANALYSIS Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D.; Maxwell V. Rainforth, M.S., M.A.; and Paul Gelderloos, S.Sc.D. Increased Self-Actualization through Transcendental Meditation in Contrast to Other Procedures as Demonstrated by Meta-Analysis; Improvement in the Measured Components of Self-Actualization: Increased Time Competence (Ability to Live in the Present; Ability to Connect Past, Present, and Future Meaningfully); Increased InnerDirectedness (Independence; Self-Supportiveness); Increased Self-Actualizing Value (Holding Values of Self-Actualizing People); Increased Existentiality (Flexibility in Application of Values); Increased Spontaneity; Increased Self-Regard; Increased SelfAcceptance; Increased Nature of Man Constructive (Sees Man as Essentially Good); Increased Synergy (Sees Opposites of Life as Meaningfully Related); Increased Acceptance of Feelings; Increased Capacity for Intimate Contact (Warm Interpersonal Relationships); Increased Emotional Maturity; Increased Integrative Perspective on Self and World; Increased Resilient Sense of Self
478 TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AND AWAKENING WISDOM: A 10YEAR LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF SELF DEVELOPMENT Howard M. Chandler, Ph.D.
Growth of Wisdom: Increased Ego Development; Increased Principled Moral Reasoning; Increased Motivation for Warm Interpersonal Relationships 479 TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION, ADAPTATION MECHANISMS AND VALUATIONS Henry H. B. Ahlström, Ph.D. Increased Orientation Towards Positive Values; Increased Psychological Health
480 PERSONALITY AND HEALTH CHARACTERISTICS OF CAMBODIAN UNDERGRADUATES: A CASE FOR STUDENT DEVELOPMENT Lee C. Fergusson, Ph.D.; Anna J. Bonshek, M.A.; and Jean-Michel Boudigues, M.A. Improved Mental and Physical Health: Decreased State Anxiety; Decreased Trait Anxiety; Decreased Depression; Increased Self-Esteem; Improved General Health
PART III: SOCIOLOGY
A: Rehabilitation 481 TREATING AND PREVENTING ALCOHOL, NICOTINE, AND DRUG ABUSE THROUGH TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION: A REVIEW AND STATISTICAL META-ANALYSIS Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D.; Pat Robinson, Ph.D., O.T.R.; and Maxwell Rainforth, M.S., M.A. Results of Integrative Meta-Analysis: Significantly Greater Reduction in Use of Illegal Drugs, Alcohol, and Cigarettes than Programmes of Relaxation, Prevention, or Treatment; Abstinence from Illegal Drugs, Alcohol, and Cigarettes Maintained or Increased over Long Term (Relapse Prevention); Improved Psychological Health (Reduced Negative Qualities, Reduced Anxiety, Improved Positive Qualities) Among Those with Substance Abuse Problems in Comparison to Controls
482 CASE STUDY OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION PROGRAMME IN THE NATIONAL PRISON SYSTEM OF SENEGAL Jean-Michel Boudigues, M.A. Case Study Benefits for Inmates: Sharp Reduction in Negativity, Irritability and Aggressiveness; Improved Relations Between Inmates; Improvement in Health; Marked Decrease in Drug Consumption; Improvement in Sleep; Greater Confidence and Joyfulness. Case Study Benefits for Staff: Greater Self-Confidence; Greater Concern for Inmates; Greater Self-Control; Greater Conscientiousness; Improved health; Decreased Absenteeism and Lateness. Case Study Benefits for Prison: Almost Complete Cessation of Fights Between Inmates; Sharp Decrease in the Number of Medical Consultations; Marked Decrease in Rule Violations by Inmates and Staff; Fewer Escapes. Case Study Benefits for the Nation: Reduced National Recidivism; Increased and More Balanced Rainfall and Increased Harvests
B: Productivity and Quality of Life
483 EFFECTS OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION PROGRAM ON STRESS REDUCTION, HEALTH, AND EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY IN TWO OCCUPATIONAL SETTINGS Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D.; Gerald C. Swanson, Ph.D.; Maxwell V. Rainforth, M.S., M.A.; Thomas W. Carlisle, M.S.; Christopher C. Todd, M.B.A.; and Robert M. Oates, Jr., M.A. Increased Employee Effectiveness; Increased Job Satisfaction; Improved Personal and Work Relationships; Reduced Job Worry and Tension; Reduced Trait Anxiety; Decreased Insomnia and Decreased Fatigue; Reduced Cigarette and Hard Liquor Use; Improved Health; Greater Calm (Lower Skin Conductance) During Task Performance; Improvement on Common Factors Underlying each of these Measures (Occupational Coherence, Physiological Settledness, Satisfaction with Professional and Personal Life)
484 EFFECTS OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION PROGRAM ON PSYCHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND ORGANIZATIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS IN MANAGERS AND EXECUTIVES David L. De Armond, Ph.D. Benefits for Managers: Increased Contribution to the Organization; Improved Mental Health; Increased Vitality; More Healthy Behaviours; Decreased Perceived Stress; Decreased Physical Complaints; Decreased Serum Cholesterol
485 INTRODUCING IN A MILITARY ACADEMY THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION PROGRAM FOR PREVENTION OF STRESS Dra. Maria de Fatima Campos Belham Benefits for Military Cadets: Increased Capacity of Attention; Improved Memory of Details; Increased Effectiveness in Executing Orders; Improved Emotional Performance; Increased Physical Strength (Push-ups); Reduced Resting Heart Rate. Benefits for Officers: Increased Concentration of Attention; Improved Memory of Details; Improved Emotional Performance
486 IMPLEMENTING THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION PROGRAMME IN THE BRAZILIAN MILITARY POLICE FORCES: A CASE STUDY Jose Luis Alvarez Roset and Markus Schuler Benefits for Police Officers: Decreased Disciplinary Problems; Decreased Doctor Visits; Improved Community Relations. Benefits for Police Officer Trainees: Better Physical Well-Being; Greater Relaxation; Less Worry and Tension; Greater Capacity for Study; Improved Relationships; Greater Respect for Country and Organizations; Enhancement of Military Education; Decreased Disciplinary Problems; Decreased Doctor Visits.
487 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARTICIPATION IN TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AND THE FUNCTIONALITY OF MARRIAGE Vicki Jean Broome, M.Ed.(Psych), M.S.C.I. Improved Marital Functionality: Overall Greater Positive Couple Agreement, and Greater Agreement on Marital Satisfaction, Personality Issues, Communication, Conflict Resolution, Financial Management, Children, Family and Friends, Religious Orientation, Marital Cohesion, and Marital Adaptability
The Following Papers in This Section Document the Growth of Coherence in the Collective Consciousness of States, Nations and the World.
488 THE MAHARISHI EFFECT: A MODEL FOR SOCIAL IMPROVEMENT. TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF A PHASE TRANSITION TO REDUCED CRIME IN MERSEYSIDE METROPOLITAN AREA. Guy D. Hatchard, M.A.; Ashley J. Deans, Ph.D.; Kenneth L. Cavanaugh, Ph.D.; and David W. Orme-Johnson, Ph.D. Improved Quality of City Life: Decreased Crime Rate (Merseyside, England, 1988–1991)
489 EFFECTS OF GROUP PRACTICE OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION PROGRAM ON PREVENTING VIOLENT CRIME IN WASHINGTON, DC: RESULTS OF THE NATIONAL DEMONSTRATION PROJECT, JUNE–JULY 1993 John S. Hagelin, Ph.D.; Maxwell V. Rainforth, M.S., M.A.; David W. Orme-Johnson, Ph.D.; Kenneth L. Cavanaugh, Ph.D.; Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D.; Susan F. Shatkin, M.A.; John L. Davies, Ph.D.; Anne O. Hughes, Ph.D.; and Emanuel Ross. Summary of a paper to appear in Social Indicators Research. Improved Quality of City and National Life as Measured by Decreased Violent Crime Rate in the National Capital (Washington, DC, USA, June and July, 1993)
490 IMPROVED QUALITY OF LIFE IN IOWA THROUGH THE MAHARISHI EFFECT Dori Lou Reeks, Ph.D. Improved Quality of State Life: Reduced Unemployment; Decreased Traffic Fatalities; Decreased Crime Rate; Increase of a Quality of Life Index Including All Three Variables (Iowa, USA, 1979–1986)
491 WHAT DOES THE MAHARISHI TECHNOLOGY OF THE UNIFIED FIELD MEAN FOR SOCIAL WORK? A STUDY IN AUSTRALIA Sandy Gowing Price, B.S.W.(Hons.). Improved Quality of National Life: Reduced Fatal Traffic Accidents; Reduced Unemployment; Increased Value of Stock Market Index (Australia, January 1983)
492 TEST OF A FIELD THEORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND SOCIAL CHANGE: TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF PARTICIPATION IN THE TM-SIDHI PROGRAM AND REDUCTION OF VIOLENT DEATH IN THE U.S. Michael C. Dillbeck, Ph.D. Improved Quality of National Life: Improvement on a Weekly Index Including Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Homicide, and Suicide (United States, 1982–1985)
493 TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF IMPROVED QUALITY OF LIFE IN CANADA: SOCIAL CHANGE, COLLECTIVE CONSCIOUSNESS, AND THE TM-SIDHI PROGRAM Panayotis D. Assimakis, Ph.D.; and Michael C. Dillbeck, Ph.D. Improved Quality of National Life: Improvements on a Weekly Index Including Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Homicide, and Suicide (Canada, 1983–1985); Improvements on a
Monthly Index Including Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Homicide, Suicide, Cigarette Consumption, and Worker-Days Lost in Strikes (Canada, 1972–1986)
494 IMPACT ASSESSMENT ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIORAL QUALITY OF LIFE INDICES: EFFECTS OF GROUP PRACTICE OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AND TM-SIDHI PROGRAM Michael C. Dillbeck, Ph.D.; and Maxwell V. Rainforth, M.S., M.A. Improved Quality of National Life: Improvements Controlling for Economic Changes on a Monthly Index Including Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Homicide, Suicide, Deaths Due to Accidents (other than Motor Vehicle), Notifiable Diseases, Alcohol Consumption, Cigarette Consumption (United States, 1970–1986); Improvements Controlling for Economic Changes on a Monthly Index Including Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Homicide, Suicide, Cigarette Consumption (Canada, 1972–1986)
495 MAHARISHI‘S FORMULA FOR A PREVENTION WING IN THE MILITARY— APPLIED AND FOUND SUCCESSFUL IN MOZAMBIQUE: CASE STUDY, 1993–1994. Lt. Gen. Tobias Dai Case Study of Improved Quality of National Life as Measured by Decreased Crime, Decreased Auto Fatalities, Greater Economic Growth, and Increased Rainfall (Mozambique, 1993)
496 THE EFFECTS OF THE MAHARISHI TECHNOLOGY OF THE UNIFIED FIELD: REPLY TO A METHODOLOGICAL CRITIQUE David W. Orme-Johnson, Ph.D.; Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D.; and John L. Davies, Ph.D. Strong Replication of Original Research Methodology: Decreased International Conflict (Israel and Lebanon, August–September 1983)
497 THE DYNAMICS OF US-SOVIET RELATIONS, 1979–1986: EFFECTS OF REDUCING SOCIAL STRESS THROUGH THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AND TM-SIDHI PROGRAM. Paul Gelderloos, S.Sc.D.; Kenneth L. Cavanaugh, Ph.D.; and John L. Davies, Ph.D. Improved USA–USSR Relations: Improved USA Statements and Actions Towards the USSR and Improved USSR Statements and Actions Towards the USA (USA and USSR, 1979–1986).
498 U.S.–SOVIET RELATIONS AND THE MAHARISHI EFFECT: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS Kenneth L. Cavanaugh, Ph.D.; and Paul Gelderloos, S.Sc.D. Improved USSR–USA Relations: Improved USSR Statements and Actions Towards the USA, Controlling for Behaviour of USA, Seasonality, and Gorbachov Administration (USSR, 1979–1986).
PART IV: THEORETICAL AND REVIEW PAPERS
A: Physiology and Health
499 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MEDITATION: A REVIEW. A WAKEFUL HYPOMETABOLIC INTEGRATED RESPONSE Ron Jevning, Ph.D.; R. Keith Wallace, Ph.D.; and Mark Biedebach, Ph.D. The authors propose that practice of the Transcendental Meditation Technique creates an integrated physiological response with peripheral circulatory and metabolic changes subserving increased central nervous activity, and review data from previous research on physiological changes associated with the Transcendental Meditation Programme.
500 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HIGHER STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS Robert Keith Wallace, Ph.D. The author reviews current research on the Transcendental Meditation Programme delineating physiological correlates of the development of higher states of consciousness.
501 SERUM HORMONAL CONCENTRATIONS FOLLOWING TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION—POTENTIAL ROLE OF GAMMA AMINOBUTYRIC ACID Alan N. Elias, M.D.; and Archie F. Wilson, M.D., Ph.D. The authors review research on the hormonal changes associated with the Transcendental Meditation Technique and attempt to understand these changes in light of the known effects of the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) on hormonal secretion and release, proposing that one of the mechanisms by which the Transcendental Meditation Technique produces relaxation is by enhancing the effects of an endogenous neurotransmitter.
502 TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AS A TECHNIQUE TO INCREASE NEURAL, COGNITIVE, AND BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY David W. Orme-Johnson, Ph.D. The author reviews research indicating that regular practice of the Transcendental Meditation Technique increases the flexibility of the nervous system and improves general adaptive ability.
503 A NEUROENDOCRINE MECHANISM FOR THE REDUCTION OF DRUG USE AND ADDICTIONS BY TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION Kenneth G. Walton, Ph.D.; and Debra Levitsky, M.S. This paper outlines a model of the neurochemical and endocrine processes associated with chronic stress and their contribution to the development of drug addiction; it also reviews research on the physiological effects of Transcendental Meditation in light of this model, indicating mechanisms of how this technique creates physiological balance and thereby promotes freedom from addictive behaviours.
504 IN SEARCH OF AN OPTIMAL BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT FOR HYPERTENSION: A REVIEW AND FOCUS ON TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION
Robert H. Schneider, M.D.; Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D.; and Robert Keith Wallace, Ph.D. This paper reviews the body of research papers on the benefits of the Transcendental Meditation Programme for reduction of hypertension, focussing in detail on two controlled clinical trials showing decreased hypertension among the elderly. The authors examine the Transcendental Meditation Technique in light of requirements for an optimal behavioural treatment of hypertension.
505 THE EFFECTS OF TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION COMPARED TO OTHER METHODS OF RELAXATION AND MEDITATION IN REDUCING RISK FACTORS, MORBIDITY, AND MORTALITY Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D.; Pat Robinson, Ph.D., O.T.R.; David W. Orme-Johnson, Ph.D.; Robert H. Schneider, M.D.; and Kenneth G. Walton, Ph.D. This paper reviews four meta-analyses that show the superiority of the Transcendental Meditation Programme compared to other techniques in producing deep rest, decreasing anxiety, increasing self-actualization, and decreasing substance abuse (cigarettes, drugs, alcohol). It also reviews individual well-controlled studies on the beneficial effects of this technique on hypertension, mortality, medical care, and medical expenses, and discusses physiological mechanisms for these effects.
B: Education
506 THE IMPACT OF MAHARISHI‘S VEDIC SCIENCE BASED EDUCATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION: THE EXAMPLE OF MAHARISHI INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Christopher H. Jones, Ed.D. The author reviews research findings demonstrating holistic development among the students of Maharishi International University in the United States (now Maharishi University of Management), and examines the source of these effects in the unique system of Maharishi‘s Vedic Science Based Education offered by the University.
507 PREPARING THE STUDENT TO SUCCEED AT CALCULUS M. Anne Dow, Ph.D. The author describes how current reforms in teaching of calculus address the object of knowledge and the process of knowing, but leave the development of the student‘s full mental capacity, the knower, largely to chance. The practice of the Transcendental Meditation Programme develops the knower and thereby gives at least two distinct advantages: a relaxed, alert mind and an intuitive experiential framework for feeling at home with the limit process.
C: Psychology 508 HIGHER STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS: MAHARISHI MAHESH YOGI‘S VEDIC PSYCHOLOGY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Michael C. Dillbeck, Ph.D.; and Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D.
The authors outline the development of higher states of consciousness from Maharishi‘s Vedic Psychology in light of relevant research, and propose that human development to these higher states beyond the experience of waking, dreaming and sleeping results from experience of pure consciousness, the Self.
509 ADVANCED HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE VEDIC PSYCHOLOGY OF MAHARISHI MAHESH YOGI: THEORY AND RESEARCH Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D.; Dennis P. Heaton, Ed.D.; and Howard M. Chandler, Ph.D. The authors describe the development of higher states of consciousness as brought to light by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in his Vedic Psychology, and contrast this to contemporary themes of cognitive or self development. The authors then review research demonstrating uniquely high scores on self-development among advanced participants in Maharishi‘s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme
510 MAHARISHI‘S VEDIC PSYCHOLOGY: ALLEVIATE SUFFERING BY ENLIVENING BLISS—RECONNECT THE PARTIAL VALUES OF LIFE WITH THE WHOLENESS OF LIFE Paul Gelderloos, S.Sc.D. This paper examines how Maharishi‘s Vedic Psychology fulfils the practical goals of psychology and reviews scientific research indicating that Maharishi‘s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme improves the physical and mental health of the individual and creates an influence of harmony in society.
511 THE BHAGAVAD-GITA: A CASE STUDY IN MAHARISHI‘S VEDIC PSYCHOLOGY Michael C. Dillbeck, Ph.D. The paper considers the Bhagavad-Gita as a model case study from the Vedic Literature, providing knowledge of the full range of human development to higher states of consciousness; this knowledge of development of consciousness is systematically brought to light in Maharishi‘s Vedic Psychology and supported by research on the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme.
512 THE CONCEPT OF SELF IN THE BHAGAVAD-GITA AND IN THE VEDIC PSYCHOLOGY OF MAHARISHI MAHESH YOGI: A FURTHER NOTE ON TESTABILITY Michael C. Dillbeck, Ph.D. This paper points out that the subjective experience of Transcendental Consciousness (‗Self‘) described in the Bhagavad-Gita has effects that have been measured through extensive scientific research on Maharishi‘s Transcendental Meditation Programme.
513 TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D. This paper presents an introduction to the Transcendental Meditation Programme and major scientific research findings on its effects for the individual and society.
D: Rehabilitation
514 EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION PROGRAM IN PREVENTING AND TREATING SUBSTANCE MISUSE: A REVIEW Paul Gelderloos, S.Sc.D.; Kenneth G. Walton, Ph.D.; David W. Orme-Johnson, Ph.D.; and Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D. The authors review research studies demonstrating decreased substance abuse among the general population, among participants in treatment programmes, and among prison inmates through practice of the Transcendental Meditation Programme.
515 THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION PROGRAM FOR PREVENTION OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE AMONG JUVENILES AT RISK Michael C. Dillbeck, Ph.D. The author reviews research indicating that the Transcendental Meditation Programme reduces risk factors for substance abuse and increases factors that protect against abuse; the paper also reviews research demonstrating effective reduction of alcohol and drug use through this programme.
516 TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AS AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE: THEORY, RESEARCH, AND FINANCIAL IMPACT EVALUATION David W. Orme-Johnson, Ph.D. This paper focuses on the contributions of the Transcendental Meditation Programme to resolving the broad social problems associated with addictions. The author proposes that drug and alcohol abuse are symptoms of a general stress-addiction-crime epidemic in society. The paper then reviews sociological research findings showing how societal disorder—experienced as crime, drug abuse, political conflict, and economic instability— can be substantially and cost-effectively reduced through the group practice of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme.
517 THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND PRACTICAL VALIDATION OF MAHARISHI‘S INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF REHABILITATION Michael S. King, B.Juris., LL.B.(Hons.) This paper outlines the theoretical foundations of Maharishi‘s Integrated System of Rehabilitation. It shows how this system of rehabilitation is validated by extensive scientific research and by personal experience of offenders instructed in the Transcendental Meditation Programme. The author concludes that this system of rehabilitation offers a solution to key problems within the field of rehabilitation, including recidivism, the method of rehabilitation, and measurement of rehabilitation.
E. Business
518 THE INTELLIGENCE MODEL OF ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS: ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR ENHANCED PRODUCTIVITY Robert E. Herron, M.B.A.; and William W. Graff, M.A., M.B.A. The authors review research on the importance of intelligence in job performance, and on the effect of the Transcendental Meditation Programme in increasing intelligence, in improving job performance and related variables in the business setting, and in improving the quality of the collective consciousness of the whole society.
519 TRANSFORMING HUMAN RESOURCES FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY Jane Schmidt-Wilk, M.B.A.; and Dennis P. Heaton, Ed.D. The authors review research indicating that the Transcendental Meditation Programme simultaneously promotes creativity, health, and teamwork—three human resource qualities that are vital for success in the future business environment.
520 DEVELOPING CONSCIOUSNESS IN ORGANIZATIONS: THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION PROGRAM IN BUSINESS. Jane Schmidt-Wilk, M.B.A.; Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D.; and Gerald C. Swanson, Ph.D. A review of research and case studies on the application of Maharishi‘s Transcendental Meditation Programme in the workplace indicates improved employee health, increased job satisfaction, improved job performance and productivity, and improved organizational performance and climate. These results are discussed in terms of the development of consciousness of the individual and the organization.
F. Quality of Life
521 IMPROVING THE NATIONAL ECONOMY THROUGH ALLIANCE WITH NATURE‘S GOVERNMENT: EFFECTS OF THE GROUP PRACTICE OF MAHARISHI‘S TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AND TM-SIDHI PROGRAM Kenneth L. Cavanaugh, Ph.D.; Kurleigh D. King, Ph.D.; and Birney D. Titus, Ph.D. This paper reviews a series of studies that document improvements in the national economies of the U.S. and Canada, as indicated by an index of decreased inflation and decreased unemployment, when the number of participants in Maharishi‘s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme exceeded the square root of one percent of their national populations.
522 PEACEFUL BODY, PEACEFUL MIND, PEACEFUL WORLD Charles N. Alexander, Ph.D. This paper reviews scientific research studies demonstrating the development of peace within the individual through Maharishi‘s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme, and explains how this development forms the basis of creating peace in the world.
523 THEORY AND RESEARCH ON CONFLICT RESOLUTION THROUGH THE MAHARISHI EFFECT David W. Orme-Johnson, Ph.D. This paper presents the Maharishi Effect as the practical basis for creating world peace, and describes scientific research demonstrating the effectiveness of the Maharishi Effect in generating coherence and peace on all levels of society.
524 ACHIEVING WORLD PEACE THROUGH A NEW SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY John S. Hagelin, Ph.D.
This paper examines scientific evidence for a new technology of world peace based on the Unified Field of Natural Law, and considers its practical utilization through a field effect of consciousness generated by large groups of experts practising the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme.
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